Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction

Inmate#: OSP #A249-514
Inmate: Kenneth Biros
DOB: June 24, 1958
County of Conviction: Trumbull County
Date of Offense: February 8, 1991
Case Number: 91-CR-87
Date of Sentencing: October 29, 1991
Presiding Judge: Mitchell F. Shaker
Prosecuting Attorney: Dennis Watkins
Gender: Male
Race: White
Institution: Southern Ohio Correctional Facility
Convictions: Count 1: Aggravated Murder (Death), Count 2: Felonious Sexual Penetration (10-25-yeras), Count 4: Aggravated Robbery (10-25 years), Count 5: Attempted Rape (8-15 years).

Ohio executes inmate with untried injection method

By Jim Leckrone - Reuters News

Tue Dec 8, 2009

COLUMBUS, Ohio (Reuters) - Ohio put to death a convicted killer on Tuesday with a single dose of a lethal chemical, the first time the method has been used in the United States.

Kenneth Biros, 51, convicted of the 1991 murder of a woman, was pronounced dead nine minutes after receiving an injection of the anesthetic sodium thiopental at the Southern Ohio Correction Facility in Lucasville, a prison spokeswoman said.

Prison spokeswoman Julie Walburn said the execution proceeded without any problems. Executioners, however, made nine attempts before finding a vein to inject Biros with the drug, commonly known as Sodium Pentothal. "Sorry from the bottom of my heart," Biros said in the death chamber before the execution was carried out. Witnesses said he blinked a few times and then appeared dead.

Ohio's new method replaced a faster-acting three-drug cocktail commonly used in the United States and was put in place to try to end a lawsuit that charged the cocktail, which also starts with Sodium Pentothal, could cause pain. Ohio's method is similar to how animals are euthanized. Biros' lawyer called the untested process "experimentation," but courts rejected the inmate's appeals.

NEW PROTOCOL

Executions were temporarily put on hold in Ohio in September after executioners tried unsuccessfully for two hours to find a suitable vein to inject inmate Rommel Broom, jabbing him repeatedly. Broom remains on death row. Under the new protocol, if a suitable vein is not located for the single injection, executioners will inject two potent painkillers -- hydromorphone and midazolam -- into the muscles of the inmate's arm, leg or buttocks. The two drugs, administered in high doses, halt breathing.

Fordham University Law Professor Deborah Denno, an expert on lethal injection, said there were serious problems with the new single-drug method, including the difficulties executioners can have finding a vein. She said the backup plan could lead to a "slow, lingering death with the inmate in a state of confusion, disorientation, and intense psychological anguish and torment."

An unofficial seven-month moratorium on U.S. executions ended in April 2008 when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled lethal injection was not cruel and unusual punishment. The three-drug method employs a sedative to cause unconsciousness, a second drug to paralyze the body and a third to stop the heart.

The execution marked the second time in three years Ohio has revised the method. Lethal injection was questioned in 2006 after a man who was supposed to be unconscious suddenly struggled and said the drugs were not working. Ohio then created a "set-to-die" revision requiring the warden to call out the condemned man's name and shake and pinch his shoulder to ensure unconsciousness after the sedative was administered.

Biros was the 51st person executed in the United States in 2009 and the fifth in Ohio this year.

He was convicted of strangling to death Tami Engstrom, 22, to whom he had offered a ride from a bar. Biros also raped, beat, and stabbed his victim 91 times before disemboweling her and scattering the body parts across two states.

Biros requested a last meal of cheese pizza, onion rings and fried mushrooms, chips with French onion dip, cherry pie, blueberry ice cream and a Dr. Pepper soft drink.

Killer executed using single drug

By Alan Johnson - Columbus Dispatch

Wednesday, December 9, 2009

LUCASVILLE, Ohio -- In the last night and morning of his life, Kenneth Biros drank cup after cup of water, 12 in all, perhaps hoping to ensure that he was hydrated so that his executioners could more easily access his veins to kill him. Whether the extra water had anything to do with it or not, Biros died quietly at 11:47 a.m. yesterday, about 10 minutes after a single, large dose of thiopental sodium, a powerful anesthetic, flowed into his left arm.

He is the first person in U.S. history to be put to death using a single drug.

Ohio prisons director Terry Collins said afterward that there were "no problems whatsoever" with Ohio's new one-drug method. "The process worked as expected." John Parker, one of Biros' attorneys, said Biros was concerned but not afraid of being the first person to undergo the single-drug execution protocol. "He was very much at peace with his inner self."

Prison officials did not have to rely on a new backup method involving large doses of two high-potency painkillers injected directly into muscles on the inmate's arms, legs or buttocks. "I am sorry from the bottom of my heart," the Trumbull County killer said in a final statement as he lay strapped to the lethal-injection table in the Death House at the Southern Ohio Correctional Facility. "Now I am paroled to my Father in heaven, and I will spend all my holidays with my Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ," said Biros, 51. "Peace be with you all."

Biros' death was too peaceful for family members of Tami Engstrom, the 22-year-old woman whom Biros raped, stabbed dozens of times, beheaded and eviscerated after taking her home from a bar on Feb. 7, 1991. "I myself think it went too smooth," said Debi Heiss, Engstrom's sister and one of three family members to witness the execution. "I think he should have gone through some pain for what he did." "This is my happy day that I was here to see this execution," said Mary Jane Heiss, the victim's mother. She watched Biros die from her wheelchair while hooked up to an oxygen tank because of lung disease. "I'm just glad the state of Ohio came up with the procedure," said Tom Heiss, the dead woman's brother. "I have no thoughts for him. I'm glad he's gone. It brought some closure to our family." The Heiss family applauded briefly after Biros' death was announced.

Parker said after witnessing the execution that he still has "major concerns" about the intravenous-access issue. He said he counted nine times that prison medical technicians tried before gaining access for a single IV line in Biros' left arm. They were unable to start a line in his right arm.

Parker and co-counsel Timothy Sweeney argued unsuccessfully in the courts that the execution should be stopped because it involved "experimentation" on human beings using untried and untested procedures. The 35 other states with death-penalty laws use a three-drug protocol, which Ohio abandoned after an execution attempt failed nearly three months ago.

The U.S. Supreme Court rejected Biros' final appeal shortly before 10 a.m. yesterday, forcing a one-hour delay in the execution.

The new protocol was unveiled Nov. 13, two months after the execution of Romell Broom was halted when medical technicians spent two hours trying in vain to attach IV lines. Broom has gone to federal court to challenge the state's right to try to execute him a second time.

Biros was the fourth person to be executed in Ohio this year and the 33rd to die since the state resumed capital punishment in 1999.

Ohio executes inmate with one-drug injection

By Andrew Welsh-Huggins - Dayton Daily News

Tuesday, December 8, 2009

LUCASVILLE, Ohio — An Ohio killer was put to death in an efficient 10 minutes Tuesday in the first U.S. execution to use a single drug injection instead of the standard three-chemical combination that has come under legal attack because it can cause excruciating pain.

Kenneth Biros, 51, was pronounced dead shortly after one dose of sodium thiopental began flowing into his veins at the Southern Ohio Correctional Facility. The U.S. Supreme Court had rejected his final appeal two hours earlier.

Experts had predicted that sodium thiopental — used in many parts of the world to put pets down — would take longer to kill than the old method. But the 10 minutes it took Biros to die was about as long as it has taken other inmates in Ohio and elsewhere to succumb to the three-drug combination.

The mother, sister and brother of Biros' victim, Tami Engstrom, applauded as the warden announced the time of death. "Rock on," Debi Heiss, Engstrom's sister, said a moment earlier as the curtains were drawn for the coroner to check on Biros. "That was too easy."

Ohio's switch to one drug was born of a botched execution attempt on another inmate in September, but critics of the three-drug method have long argued that it amounts to cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the U.S. Constitution because it can subject the condemned to extreme pain while leaving them immobile and unable to cry out.

The three-drug method consists of sodium thiopental, a common anesthetic, along with pancuronium bromide, which paralyzes muscles, and potassium chloride, which stops the heart. The single-drug technique amounts to an overdose of the anesthetic — a method that injection experts and defense attorneys agreed would not cause pain.

Biros' executioners struggled for several minutes to find suitable veins, inserting needles repeatedly in both arms before completing the process on just his left arm. He winced once, and his attorney, John Parker, said he was concerned by all the needle sticks. But prison officials declared nothing amiss. "There was no problem with anything in us carrying out the law of this state in this particular execution — none whatsoever," Ohio Prisons Director Terry Collins said. "The process worked as we said it would work."

After the chemical started flowing, Biros' chest heaved several times, and he moved his head twice over a span of about two minutes before he lay perfectly still.

In 2008, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld lethal injection in a case from Kentucky involving a three-drug method similar to the one used in Ohio and practically every other death penalty state. After a seven-month moratorium on the death penalty while the high court decided the case, executions resumed across the country. In its ruling, the Supreme Court said states would have to change from the three-drug process if an alternative method lessened the possibility of pain.

Deborah Denno, a law professor at New York's Fordham University and a lethal injection expert, said she is highly skeptical that Ohio's single experience Tuesday will change the landscape around the country. She noted that the Supreme Court questioned the one-drug method, with Chief Justice John Roberts saying it "has problems of its own."

All 36 death penalty states use lethal injection, and 35 rely on the three-drug method. Nebraska, which recently adopted injection over the electric chair, has proposed the three-drug method but hasn't yet adopted it. Kentucky, Florida, South Carolina, Texas and Virginia are among those that have said they will keep the three-drug method.

Sodium thiopental is a barbiturate often used to anesthetize surgical patients, induce medical comas or help desperately ill people commit suicide. It is also sometimes used to euthanize animals. It kills by suppressing breathing.

Ohio switched to sodium thiopental after a failed attempt to execute Romell Broom in September. Executioners tried for two hours to find a suitable vein, hitting bone and muscle in as many as 18 needle sticks. A hearing begins in federal court Wednesday on Broom's attempt to block the state from trying again.

After the botched attempt, the state consulted with an array of experts, including pharmacologists, pharmacists, coroners and an anesthesiologist, with two goals: to end a 5-year-old lawsuit claiming that Ohio's three-drug system is capable of causing severe pain, and to createa backup procedure if the first one didn't work. That backup plan — also untested on U.S. inmates — allows a two-drug injection into muscle if a usable vein cannot be found. That did not become necessary in Biros' case.

Biros killed his 22-year-old victim in 1991 after offering to drive her home from a bar, then scattered her body parts in Ohio and Pennsylvania. Before dying Tuesday, he apologized for his crime. "I'm being paroled to my father in heaven," Biros said. "I will now spend all of my holidays with my Lord and savior, Jesus Christ."

Ohio killer is first in nation to be executed by single-drug injection

By Alan Johnson - ToledoBlade.com

December 09, 2009

LUCASVILLE, Ohio - In the last night and morning of his life, Kenneth Biros drank cup after cup of water, 12 in all, perhaps hoping to ensure that he was hydrated so his executioners could access his veins to kill him. Whether or not the extra water helped, Biros died quietly at11:47 a.m. yesterday, about 10 minutes after a large dose of sodium thiopental, a powerful anesthetic, flowed into his left arm.

He is the first death-row inmate in U.S. history to be executed using a single drug.

Ohio prisons director Terry Collins said later that there were "no problems whatsoever" with Ohio's new one-drug method. "The process worked as expected."

Experts had predicted that sodium thiopental - used in many parts of the world to put pets down - would take longer to kill than the other method. But the 10 minutes it took Biros to die was about as long as it has taken other inmates in Ohio and elsewhere to succumb to the commonly used three-drug combination. After the chemical began to flow, his chest heaved several times, and he moved his head twice over a span of about two minutes. Then he lay still.

John Parker, one of Biros' attorneys, said Biros was concerned but not afraid of being the first person to undergo the single-drug execution protocol. "He was very much at peace with his inner self," he said. Prison officials did not have to rely on a new backup method involving large doses of two high-potency painkillers injected directly into muscles on the inmate's arms, legs, or buttocks.

"I am sorry from the bottom of my heart," the Trumbull County killer said in a final statement as he lay strapped to the table in the Death House at the Southern Ohio Correctional Facility. "Now I am paroled to my Father in heaven, and I will spend all my holidays with my Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ," said Biros, 51. "Peace be with you all."

Biros' death was too peaceful for family members of Tami Engstrom, the 22-year-old woman whom Biros raped, stabbed dozens of times, beheaded, and eviscerated after taking her home from a bar on Feb. 7, 1991. "I myself think it went too smooth," said Debi Heiss, Ms. Engstrom's sister and one of three family members to witness the execution. "I think he should have gone through some pain for what he did." "This is my happy day that I was here to see this execution," said Mary Jane Heiss, the victim's mother. She watched Biros die from her wheelchair. "I'm just glad the state of Ohio came up with the procedure," said Tom Heiss, the dead woman's brother. "I have no thoughts for him. I'm glad he's gone. It brought some closure to our family."

Mr. Parker said after witnessing the execution that he still has "major concerns" about the intravenous-access issue. He said he counted nine times prison medical technicians tried before gaining access for a single IV line in Biros' left arm. They were unable to start a line in his right arm. Mr. Parker and co-counsel Timothy Sweeney argued unsuccessfully in the courts that the execution should be stopped because it involved "experimentation" on humans using untried and untested procedures.

The 35 other states with the death penalty use a three-drug system, which Ohio dropped after an execution failed nearly three months ago. The three-drug method uses sodium thiopental, a common anesthetic, with pancuronium bromide, which paralyzes muscles, and potassium chloride, which stops the heart. The new method amounts to an overdose of the anesthetic, and injection experts and defense attorneys agreed it would not cause pain.

The U.S. Supreme Court rejected Biros' final appeal shortly before 10 a.m. yesterday, forcing a one-hour delay in the execution.

The new protocol was announced Nov. 13, two months after the execution of Romell Broom was halted when technicians spent two hours trying to attach IV lines. He is challenging Ohio's right to try to execute him a second time. Biros was the fourth person to be executed in Ohio this year and the 33rd to die since capital punishment resumed in 1999.

Kenneth Biros becomes first inmate executed using single-drug method

By Aaron Marshall - Cleveland Plain Dealer

December 08, 2009

LUCASVILLE, Ohio — With the national spotlight on Ohio's untested lethal-injection procedures, officials were satisfied with Tuesday's largely uneventful execution of Kenneth Biros. "I think we far exceeded what our critics have been saying about us," Department of Rehabilitation and Corrections Director Terry Collins said after the execution. "The process worked as we expected, and we knew that this process would work, did work, and we will continue to use this process as we move forward in carrying out the law of the state of Ohio."

At 11:47 a.m., Biros became the first person in American history to be executed with a single-drug procedure instead of the three-drug cocktail previously used in Ohio -- the method employed by every other state that has carried out capital punishment through lethal injection.

The 51-year-old Trumbull County man was pronounced dead about nine minutes after being injected in the left arm with thiopental sodium -- roughly the amount of time it usually takes for the three-drug cocktail to work. The drug used on Biros is a sedative typically used in smaller dosages by veterinarians to euthanize animals, but it wasn't clear how long it would take to act on a human.

However, the execution team struggled to put shunts in Biros' arms to inject the drugs. Biros grimaced as it took about 30 minutes of pricking the condemned man at least a half-dozen times to find a usable vein. John Parker, an attorney for Biros who witnessed the execution, said he counted nine attempts. "Once the drugs started flowing I think it went well, [but] I very much have concerns with the IV access," Parker said. Collins bristled at the notion that anything went wrong in finding a vein. "People who like to put time limits on my team, it's not an acceptable practice," Collins said sternly. "I see no problem in any form or fashion in what my team did today."

Struggles by Ohio's execution teams to find suitable veins in other recent executions and attempts -- including in September, when Gov. Ted Strickland was forced to step in and stop attempts to execute Cleveland's Romell Broom -- drew national scrutiny and legal trouble for Ohio.

Biros was sent to death row in 1991 for killing and dismembering 22-year-old Tami Engstrom, leaving her body parts scattered in parts of Ohio and Pennsylvania.

Engstrom's mother, sister and brother witnessed Biros' execution and clapped after the warden announced the time of death. Engstrom's mother, Mary Jane Heiss, said after the execution that Tuesday was "one of the happiest days of my life."

Biros had two spiritual advisers and an attorney present to represent him. As he lay strapped to the execution table, Biros was allowed to make one final, remorseful statement. "I'm sorry from the bottom of my heart. And I want to thank my friends and family that helped me and supported me and believed in me," he said. "Now I'm being paroled to my father in Heaven and get to spend all of my holidays with my Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. Peace be with you all. Amen."

A white scarf was laid next to Biros at his request, apparently as a symbol from Buddhism, one of the faiths that he observed. He also had two small Eastern Orthodox religious pictures lying on his chest, tucked inside a strap holding him down on the table as he faced the ceiling.

Biros had little outward reaction once the drugs began flowing into his body. His chest heaved in a series of rapid movements and then he lay still.

Kenneth Biros

ProDeathPenalty.com

State v. Biros, 78 Ohio St.3d 426, 678 N.E.2d 891 (Ohio 1997). (Direct Appeal)

Defendant was convicted in the Court of Common Pleas, Trumbull County, of murder and was sentenced to death. Defendant appealed, and the Court of Appeals affirmed in part and affirmed sentence. Appeals were taken, and the Supreme Court, Douglas, J., held that: (1) fact that indictment did not specifically allege that defendant was “principal offender” or that he had committed offense with prior calculation and design did not constitute plain error; (2) defendant's Miranda rights had not been violated; (3) instances in which prospective jurors were told during voir dire of possibility of mitigation hearing if defendant was found guilty did not violate statute; (4) photographs of victim were properly admitted; (5) defendant's convictions for attempted rape and aggravated robbery, which also operated to support imposition of death penalty, were supported by evidence; (6) forensic scientist was properly allowed to testify regarding blood stains and likelihood they had been caused by beating; (7) defendant was not entitled to relief based on prosecutorial misconduct; and (8) imposition of death penalty was not excessive or disproportionate. Affirmed in part and reversed in part.

On Thursday, February 7, 1991, at approximately 5:30 p.m., Tami Engstrom dropped off her one-year-old son, Casey, at her friend Sharon King's house before reporting to work at the Clover Bar in Hubbard, Ohio. Tami's mother, Mary Jane Heist, worked with Tami at the Clover Bar. Tami arrived at work at 6:30 p.m. Later, at approximately 9:30 p.m., Tami had to leave work due to illness. Heist relieved Tami so that she could go home early. However, instead of going directly home, Tami drove to the Nickelodeon Lounge in Masury, Ohio, to visit her uncle, Daniel Hivner, who was a regular patron at that tavern. Tami arrived at the Nickelodeon at approximately 10:00 p.m. She was wearing a black leather coat, a sweater, black pants, black shoes, black stockings or socks, and a $1,200 diamond cluster ring she had purchased from King a few weeks earlier. She was also carrying a small gray purse which, according to one witness, contained a significant amount of money.

At the Nickelodeon, Tami had several drinks and spoke with Hivner and others. Kenneth Biros, appellant, arrived at the Nickelodeon at approximately 11:00 p.m., having earlier participated in a drinking event sponsored by the Nickelodeon and other bars. Appellant knew Hivner but was a stranger to Tami. By midnight, Tami had passed out, due to either sickness or intoxication, while seated at a table. She later fell off her chair and onto the floor. Hivner and appellant helped Tami back into her seat. At approximately 1:00 a.m., when the bar was closing, appellant and Hivner assisted Tami outside to the parking lot. Tami insisted on driving herself home, but Hivner took Tami's car keys upon determining that she was too intoxicated to drive. According to Hivner, appellant then volunteered to take Tami for coffee to help sober her up. Hivner handed Tami her purse and noticed that she was wearing her leather coat. At approximately 1:15 a.m., appellant and Tami left the Nickelodeon in appellant's car. Hivner remained at the bar after closing and waited for appellant to return with Tami. However, appellant never returned Tami to the Nickelodeon.

Meanwhile, on February 7, at approximately 11:30 p.m., Andy Engstrom, Tami's husband, went to the Clover Bar to deliver a gift he had bought for Tami. However, Heist informed Andy that Tami had left work and had gone home sick. Andy drove home and discovered that Tami was not there. Andy then asked King to continue watching Casey while he went out to search for Tami. At approximately 1:00 a.m., Andy spoke with Tami's sister, Debra Barr, who suggested that Tami might have gone to the Nickelodeon. At 1:10 a.m., Andy called the Nickelodeon and was told that Tami and Hivner had already left the bar. Andy then went to sleep, assuming that Tami would soon return home. When he awoke later that morning, he discovered that Tami was still missing.

On Friday, February 8, 1991, at or about noon, Andy and King went to the Nickelodeon to pick up Tami's car, which had been left there overnight. At some point, Andy learned that appellant had been the last person seen with Tami. Therefore, Andy drove to appellant's home and confronted appellant concerning Tami's whereabouts. Appellant told Andy that after he and Tami had left the Nickelodeon to get coffee, he tapped her on the shoulder and she “freaked out, * * * got out of the car and started running through these people's yards on Davis Street” in Sharon, Pennsylvania. The location where appellant claimed that Tami had jumped from the vehicle was approximately three-tenths of a mile from the Nickelodeon. Andy told appellant that he had already contacted the police in Sharon, Pennsylvania, and that he intended to file a missing person's report with the Brookfield Township (Ohio) Police Department. Andy told appellant that “ ‘[i]f she [Tami] don't turn up right fast, they [the police] are going to come looking for you, and it's going to be your ass.’ ”

Throughout the day on Friday, February 8, appellant told a number of witnesses similar stories concerning Tami's disappearance. Specifically, he told Tami's mother, Tami's brother, Tami's uncles, her friends, acquaintances, and others, that after he had left the Nickelodeon with Tami, she woke up, became frightened, jumped from his vehicle and ran between houses near Carpenter's Towing or Carpenter's Garage on Davis Street in Sharon, Pennsylvania. Appellant also indicated that he had initially chased after Tami but that he had been unable to catch her. Appellant told a number of these witnesses that he had abandoned the chase to avoid being caught while driving under the influence of alcohol. Several of the witnesses noticed fresh cuts or scratches on appellant's hands and a fresh wound over his right eye that had not been present the night before. Appellant explained that he had cut his hands because he had been locked out of his house and had to break a window, and that he had obtained the cut above his eye while chopping wood. Tami's brother threatened to kill appellant if Tami had been hurt in any way. One of Tami's uncles told appellant that if Tami had been hurt, he would “rip [appellant's] heart out.” Tami's mother told appellant, “if you put one scratch on my daughter, I will * * * kill you.” Appellant tried to comfort Heist by telling her, “Don't worry. Your daughter is going to be just fine. You wait and see.” On Friday evening, appellant helped Tami's relatives search the area in Sharon, Pennsylvania, where he claimed to have last seen Tami.

Appellant lived on King Graves Road in Brookfield Township, Ohio, with his mother, Jo Anne Biros, and his brother, Cury Biros. On Friday morning, February 8, appellant's mother found a gold ring on the bathroom floor. The next day, she asked appellant if he knew anything about the ring. Appellant claimed to know nothing about it. Appellant told his mother that the ring appeared to be made of “cheap gold.” When appellant's mother responded that the ring was not cheap, appellant suggested that perhaps it had belonged to the girl who jumped out of his car early Friday morning. Appellant then took the ring and said that he would return it to the Nickelodeon. However, appellant never returned Tami's ring to the Nickelodeon. Rather, according to appellant, he hid the ring in the ceiling of his house.

On Friday night, Cury Biros was at home watching television while appellant was outside in a pasture behind the house. Cury went outside and called to appellant to see what he was doing. Appellant responded that he was “watching stars.” Cury then returned to the house and retired for the evening.

On Saturday, February 9, Tami's family and friends spent hours searching for Tami in Sharon, Pennsylvania. They also searched a wooded area along the railroad tracks near appellant's home on King Graves Road. However, the search party was unable to uncover any clues concerning Tami's disappearance.

On Saturday afternoon, police called appellant's home and left a message requesting that he come to the police station for questioning. After receiving the message, appellant drove to the police station to discuss Tami's disappearance with Brookfield Township and Sharon, Pennsylvania police officers. Police informed appellant that he was not under arrest and that he was free to leave at any time. During questioning, appellant reiterated the same basic story that he had previously told Tami's friends and relatives. Specifically, appellant told police that he had left the Nickelodeon with Tami in the early morning hours of February 8 to get coffee or food at some location in Sharon, Pennsylvania. Appellant claimed that Tami had passed out in his vehicle after they left the Nickelodeon. Appellant told police that he stopped at an automated teller machine to withdraw some money and, at that point, Tami woke up and insisted that appellant drive her back to the Nickelodeon. Appellant told police that as he was driving on Davis Street in Sharon, Pennsylvania, Tami jumped from the vehicle and ran away. When asked whether Tami's purse might have been left in his vehicle, appellant responded that he had thoroughly cleaned the vehicle and had found no purse.

At some point during the interview, Captain John Klaric of the Sharon Police Department began questioning appellant's version of the story. Klaric suggested to appellant that perhaps he (appellant) had made some sexual advance toward Tami which, in turn, may have caused her to jump from the vehicle. Appellant denied making any sexual advances. Klaric also suggested that perhaps appellant had made some sexual advance and that Tami had jumped from the car and struck her head. Appellant denied this as well. Upon further questioning, Klaric suggested that maybe an accident had occurred in which Tami had fallen out of the car and struck her head. At that point, appellant responded “yes,” and admitted that he had done something “very bad.” Klaric offered to speak with appellant alone. Appellant agreed, and indicated that he wanted to speak with Klaric outside the presence of other police officers. According to Klaric, after the other officers had left the room, appellant stated, “It's like you said, we were in the car together. We were out along the railroad tracks. I touched her on the hand. Then I went further. I either touched or felt her leg. She pushed my hand away. The car wasn't quite stopped. She opened the door and fell and struck her head on the tracks.” Appellant told Klaric that Tami was dead and that the incident had occurred along the railroad tracks near King Graves Road in Brookfield Township. At that time, police informed appellant of his Miranda rights. See Miranda v. Arizona (1966), 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694.

After signing a written waiver of his Miranda rights, appellant repeated his story in the presence of Detective Rocky Fonce of the Brookfield Township Police Department. According to Fonce, appellant admitted that he had reached out and grabbed Tami while parked along the railroad tracks near his house on King Graves Road. Appellant told Fonce that Tami had then jumped out of the vehicle, fell, struck her head on the metal part of the railroad track, and died. Appellant told police that Tami's body was in Pennsylvania. When police asked appellant for the precise location of the body, appellant requested to speak with an attorney. After appellant consulted with counsel, he agreed to show police the location of Tami's body.

In the early morning hours of Sunday, February 10, 1991, Pennsylvania and Ohio authorities discovered several of Tami's severed body parts in a desolate wooded area of Butler County, Pennsylvania. Police found other portions of Tami's body in a desolate wooded area of Venango County, Pennsylvania, approximately thirty miles north of the Butler site. Tami's head and right breast had been severed from her torso. Her right leg had been amputated just above the knee. The body was completely naked except for what appeared to be remnants of black leg stockings that had been purposely rolled down to the victim's feet or ankles. The torso had been cut open and the abdominal cavity was partially eviscerated. The anus, rectum, and all but a small portion of her sexual organs had been removed from the body and were never recovered by police.

Forensic technicians, police and homicide investigators searched the area of the railroad tracks near King Graves Road where appellant had indicated that the incident with Tami occurred. There, investigators discovered a large area of bloodstained gravel near the railroad tracks. Investigators also found blood spatters on the side of one of the steel tracks. A number of other bloodstains were found in the same general area. Bloodstains and swabbings of blood collected at the scene were later tested and were found to be consistent with Tami's blood. Additionally, investigators found what appeared to be part of the victim's intestines in a swampy area near the railroad tracks. DNA testing revealed that the intestines were, in fact, part of Tami's remains. Approximately one month later, police recovered Tami's black leather coat, which was found partially buried a short distance from the tracks. Two cuts or slash marks were found on or near the collar of the coat. Tami's house keys and a tube of lipstick were found in a shallow hole in close proximity to the coat. Police also found one of Tami's black leather shoes in the area of the railroad tracks. Dale Laux, a forensic scientist with the Ohio Bureau of Criminal Identification and Investigation, found a single pubic hair inside Tami's shoe. Laux determined that the microscopic characteristics of that hair were consistent with the characteristics of known samples of Tami's pubic hair.

Police also recovered a number of items during searches of appellant's residence. Investigators found a bloodstained pocket knife hidden in appellant's basement. A much larger knife was recovered from appellant's bathroom. Investigators also recovered a bloodstained coat from appellant's bedroom, which was later identified as the coat appellant had worn to the Nickelodeon. Forensic experts found numerous bloodstains on the front of the coat, and blood spatters inside the left sleeve. Bloodstains from appellant's pocket knife and coat were later tested and were found to be consistent with the blood of the victim. Additionally, authorities removed a pair of size eleven tennis shoes from a bedroom in appellant's home. Rodney M. Cole, a forensic scientist in the trace evidence section of the Ohio Bureau of Criminal Identification and Investigation, found a single hair embedded in a seam near the tread of one shoe. Cole compared the hair to known samples of hair from the victim's head. According to Cole, the hair from the tennis shoe was microscopically consistent with the known samples of hair from the victim's head.

The automobile appellant had driven to the Brookfield Township Police Department was also searched. Forensic technicians found numerous bloodstains consistent with the blood of the victim. Several other bloodstains found in the vehicle were determined to be consistent with appellant's blood. A small piece of human tissue, believed to be Tami's liver tissue, was found inside the trunk.

Dr. William A. Cox, the Summit County Coroner, performed the autopsy of Tami's body. Cox testified that he was board certified in anatomic pathology, clinical pathology, forensic pathology, and neuropathology. Cox determined that the victim had suffered ninety-one premortem injuries which were indicative of a “severe beating” and “an attempt at sexual mutilation.” He also found five stab wounds that had been inflicted immediately after the victim's death. Among the premortem wounds were at least five blunt force injuries on the top of the victim's head which, according to Cox, had been caused by an object such as fists or the handle of a knife. Other premortem wounds were found on the victim's breasts and in the area of her groin. Two premortem knife wounds were discovered near the nipple of the right breast. There were fine linear scratches and a premortem knife laceration or incised wound along the victim's face and, according to Cox, “[t]he way that is done is the blade of the knife runs down across the mouth [and] finally gets into the skin, into the soft tissues, then breaks the skin as it continues in the downward direction.” Cox also found numerous wounds on the victim's hands which appeared to be “defensive” injuries.

In addition to the ninety-one premortem wounds and the five postmortem stab wounds, Tami's head, right breast and right lower extremity had been severed from her body at some point after death. Her anus, rectum, urinary bladder, and virtually all of her sexual organs had been cut out and were never found. The gallbladder, the right lobe of the liver, and portions of the bowels had been extracted from her body. According to Cox, a pocket knife like the one removed from appellant's basement could have been used to inflict some of the wounds found on Tami's body. However, Cox found that a much larger or heavier knife had been used to amputate Tami's head and right lower extremity. Cox testified that the victim's right femur had been severed by a sharp knife which had left a “fine linear cut” in the bone. Cox specifically determined that the evidence indicated that the femur had not been fractured by any blunt force trauma or as the result of an automobile accident. Cox testified that the knife recovered from appellant's bathroom was consistent with the type of knife that had been used to accomplish the amputations. Cox found that the dismemberment and eviscerations all occurred within minutes after the killer had inflicted the five postmortem stab wounds. He found no evidence that the victim had been struck by an automobile as appellant would later claim.

With respect to Tami's cause of death, Cox concluded that the victim had died of asphyxia due to strangulation. According to Cox, the victim had been strangled to death over a period of four to five minutes. The mucosal lining of the esophagus was torn, indicating that there was a degree of retching and vomiting during this period. Cox testified that, in his opinion, the victim had not been asphyxiated by a hand placed over the nose and mouth. Examination of the victim's oral cavity revealed no signs of injury to the tongue or the delicate tissue inside the mouth. Absent such injuries, Cox found no evidence to support the theory that the victim had been forcibly suffocated as opposed to being strangled to death. Further, the hyoid bone had been fractured and there was injury to adjacent tissue, which supported the finding that the victim had been strangled. According to Cox, Tami was severely beaten, strangled to death, and then stabbed five times. The five postmortem stab wounds had occurred within minutes after death. Later, but still within minutes, the decedent's body was dismembered.

Dr. Theodore W. Soboslay, the Trumbull County Coroner, was present during Tami's autopsy. Soboslay concurred with Cox's findings and officially ruled that the decedent had expired “due to asphyxiation, secondary to strangulation.”

Appellant was indicted by the Trumbull County Grand Jury for the aggravated (felony) murder of Tami. Count One of the indictment charged appellant with the purposeful killing of Tami during the commission of an aggravated robbery and attempted rape in violation of R.C. 2903.01(B). Count One of the indictment carried two R.C. 2929.04(A)(7) death penalty specifications. The first specification alleged that appellant had purposefully killed Tami while committing or fleeing immediately after committing an aggravated robbery. The second alleged that appellant had purposefully killed Tami while attempting to commit or while fleeing immediately after attempting to commit rape. Count Two of the indictment charged appellant with felonious sexual penetration in violation of former R.C. 2907.12(A)(2). Count Three of the indictment charged appellant with abuse of a corpse in violation of R.C. 2927.01(B). Appellant was also charged, in Counts Four and Five, with aggravated robbery and attempted rape, respectively. Prior to trial, the state of Ohio dismissed Count Three of the indictment which had charged a violation of R.C. 2927.01(B). Thereafter, the matter proceeded to trial before a jury.

At trial, appellant testified in his own defense. Appellant claimed that when the Nickelodeon Lounge was closing at 1:00 a.m., February 8, Hivner asked appellant to take Tami for coffee or breakfast to help sober her up. Appellant agreed and left the Nickelodeon with Tami. He then drove into nearby Sharon, Pennsylvania, to withdraw cash from an automated teller machine. At some point, appellant reached over and shook Tami, since she had fallen asleep. Tami awoke and said that she wanted to go home. She told appellant that her home was in Hubbard, Ohio, but would not say exactly where she lived. Therefore, appellant decided to take Tami to his home to let her “sleep it off.”

Appellant testified that he decided on his way home to drive along the gravel railroad bed which would have taken him to within a few hundred feet of his residence on King Graves Road. While driving on the railroad bed, he reached over and grabbed Tami's hand to wake her. According to appellant, Tami suddenly awoke, looked at him, and began yelling, “I don't know you. Where are we at?” She hit appellant and yelled at him. Appellant forcibly struck Tami with his forearm. Tami then fled from the vehicle and took off running along the railroad tracks. Appellant claimed that he drove along the railroad tracks to try to head Tami off to speak with her. However, according to appellant, he inadvertently struck Tami with the vehicle, causing her to topple over the car at a forty-five degree angle with her head positioned toward the gravel railroad bed. Appellant testified that he got out of the car and rolled Tami over onto her back. She was bleeding and her head was positioned against the steel rail of the railroad track. According to appellant, Tami pushed him and began screaming, swearing, and throwing rocks. At that point, appellant decided to pull out his pocket knife to “calm” Tami down. However, Tami grabbed the knife and a struggle ensued. Appellant cut his hand, but was able to regain control of the knife. Meanwhile, Tami continued to scream. Therefore, according to appellant, he pinned Tami down and placed his hand over her mouth until she stopped struggling. When appellant removed his hand from Tami's mouth, he realized that she had died. Appellant then became upset and frustrated, so he stabbed her several times.

Appellant testified that after he had killed and stabbed Tami, he “panicked,” drove home, tended to his wounds, and washed his clothes. Appellant testified that he returned to the body fifteen to twenty minutes later and became very angry, believing that Tami had “just destroyed my life.” At that point, appellant took his pocket knife and began cutting Tami's body. Appellant claimed that he removed Tami's clothes because they were “in the way.” Next, according to appellant, he dragged the body some distance into the woods, and felt Tami's ring cutting into his left hand. Thus, he removed the ring and placed it in his pocket. Appellant testified that he attempted to bury Tami's body in a shallow hole in the ground, but that the body would not fit into the hole. Therefore, he amputated the head and leg with his pocket knife and placed those body parts in a separate hole. Appellant then placed Tami's clothes in other holes in the ground. After burying the body, appellant returned home.

Appellant testified that later on Friday morning, February 8, 1991, he found Tami's purse in his car and burned the purse in the fireplace. He then washed his car. On Friday night, appellant decided to move the body, since he had been confronted and threatened by Tami's relatives. Late that night, while his brother (Cury Biros) was watching television, appellant retrieved Tami's body parts, loaded them into the car, and drove to Pennsylvania and disposed of the body.

Appellant lied to police, to Tami's relatives, and to his own mother. At trial, appellant denied telling police at the Brookfield Township Police Department that while appellant and Tami were seated in the car, appellant had placed his hand on Tami's hand and then “went further” and touched or felt her leg. Appellant denied having had any sexual intentions toward Tami, but admitted cutting out her vagina and rectum thirty to forty-five minutes after he killed her. Appellant was able to recall some of the most minute details of the night in question, but was unable to remember where he had disposed of Tami's anus, rectum, and sexual organs. He also denied having had any intention of stealing Tami's property, but he admitted burying her clothes, taking her ring, and burning her purse. Additionally, appellant admitted lying to his mother about Tami's ring and later hiding that ring in the ceiling of his house. Appellant testified that he had no intention to kill or harm Tami on the night in question. He testified further that he never struck Tami with his fists or with the blunt end of a knife.

Dr. Karle Williams, a forensic pathologist, testified for the defense. Williams was not present during Tami's autopsy and never personally examined the body. Williams based his opinions upon a review of, among other things, Dr. Cox's autopsy report and a review of numerous photographs of the victim and the crime scene. Williams disagreed, at least in part, with Cox's conclusion that Tami had suffered a severe beating. Williams believed that perhaps Tami's right leg had been fractured before death and that some of her injuries may have been caused by being struck by a car and falling or lying on the gravel railroad bed. Additionally, Williams concluded that Tami may have died due to suffocation rather than manual strangulation. However, Williams admitted on cross-examination that, in this case, “you have to think of manual strangulation. Absolutely.”

The jury found appellant guilty of all charges and specifications alleged in the indictment, with the exception of the offense charged in Count Three of the indictment which had previously been dismissed by the prosecution. Following a mitigation hearing, the jury recommended that appellant be sentenced to death for the aggravated murder of Tami. The trial court accepted the jury's recommendation and sentenced appellant to death. For the remaining offenses, appellant was sentenced in accordance with law.

On appeal, the court of appeals found that “[t]he record is completely devoid of evidence which would support a finding that appellant formed the intent to rob the victim prior to or during the acts which resulted in her death.” On this basis, the court of appeals, relying on State v. Williams (Mar. 24, 1995), Trumbull App. No. 89-T-4210, unreported, 1995 WL 237092,affirmed in part and reversed in part(1996), 74 Ohio St.3d 569, 660 N.E.2d 724, held that the evidence was insufficient to prove aggravated robbery as one of the underlying felonies for the felony-murder charge in Count One of the indictment. Further, the court of appeals found that the trial court had erred in submitting to the jury, in the penalty phase, the R.C. 2929.04(A)(7) aggravating circumstance that the murder was committed in the course of an aggravated robbery. Nevertheless, the court of appeals upheld the sentence of death, finding that the remaining R.C. 2929.04(A)(7) aggravating circumstance outweighed the mitigating factors beyond a reasonable doubt. In addition to affirming appellant's aggravated murder conviction (with attempted rape as the underlying felony) and death sentence, the court of appeals also affirmed appellant's other convictions, including the convictions on Counts Four and Five of the indictment for aggravated robbery and attempted rape, respectively.

The cause is now before this court upon an appeal as of right and the state's cross-appeal.

DOUGLAS, Justice.

Appellant presents twelve propositions of law for our consideration. Additionally, the state of Ohio has filed a cross-appeal challenging the court of appeals' findings of insufficiency of proof that the murder was committed while appellant was committing or while fleeing immediately after committing aggravated robbery. We have considered all of the propositions of law raised by the parties and have independently reviewed appellant's death sentence for appropriateness and proportionality. Upon review, and for the reasons that follow, we reverse the judgment of the court of appeals on the matters raised in the state's cross-appeal, affirm the judgment of the court of appeals in all other respects, and uphold the sentence of death.

I

In his first proposition of law, appellant contends that he is not statutorily eligible for the death penalty because the specifications of aggravating circumstances alleged in the indictment omitted the language from R.C. 2929.04(A)(7) that “either the offender was the principal offender in the commission of the aggravated murder or, if not the principal offender, committed the aggravated murder with prior calculation and design.” Appellant contends that the omission of this language from the specifications of aggravating circumstances set forth in his indictment rendered that indictment “insufficient to sustain a capital charge.” We do not agree.

Initially, we note that appellant never objected at any time before or during his trial that the R.C. 2929.04(A)(7) specifications of aggravating circumstances were allegedly defective on the basis that they omitted an allegation either that appellant was the principal offender in the commission of the aggravated murder or, if not the principal offender, that he had committed the offense with prior calculation and design. Consequently, appellant's failure to timely object to the allegedly defective indictment constitutes a waiver of the issues involved. State v. Joseph (1995), 73 Ohio St.3d 450, 455, 653 N.E.2d 285, 291. See, also, State v. Mills (1992), 62 Ohio St.3d 357, 363, 582 N.E.2d 972, 980 (“Under Crim.R. 12 [B] and 12[G], alleged defects in an indictment must be asserted before trial or they are waived.”). Accordingly, our discretionary review of the alleged error must proceed, if at all, under the plain error analysis of Crim.R. 52(B). Plain error does not exist unless it can be said that but for the error, the outcome of the trial would clearly have been otherwise. Joseph at 455, 653 N.E.2d at 291. See, also, State v. Moreland (1990), 50 Ohio St.3d 58, 62, 552 N.E.2d 894, 899.

Turning to the merits, we find that our recent decision in Joseph, 73 Ohio St.3d 450, 653 N.E.2d 285, is dispositive of appellant's contentions. In Joseph, Richard E. Joseph and Jose Bulerin were jointly indicted for the aggravated (felony) murder of Ryan Young. The indictment contained an R.C. 2929.04(A)(7) death penalty specification alleging that Joseph and Bulerin had committed the aggravated murder during the course of a kidnapping, and that the offenders were the principal offenders in the commission of the kidnapping. In Joseph, we found that the specification failed to correspond with the language of R.C. 2929.04(A)(7) because the specification should have indicated that the offenders were the principal offenders in the commission of the aggravated murder. Id. at 455, 653 N.E.2d at 291. However, we found that the error did not render the indictment invalid, since the record clearly demonstrated that Joseph “had sufficient notice that he was being tried as a principal offender in the commission of the aggravated murder of Ryan Young while committing kidnapping.” Id. at 455-456, 653 N.E.2d at 291. In Joseph, we went on to explain and hold that:

“The penalty for aggravated murder is life imprisonment or death. R.C. 2929.02. If the state desires to seek the death penalty for a defendant who commits aggravated murder, the indictment charging the offense must contain at least one of eight specifications enumerated in R.C. 2929.04(A)(1) through (8). R.C. 2929.04(A) provides: ‘Imposition of the death penalty is precluded, unless one or more of the following is specified in the indictment or the count of the indictment pursuant to section 2941.14 of the Revised Code and proved beyond a reasonable doubt.’ That section then sets out eight different aggravating circumstances.

“The form of the specification is governed by R.C. 2941.14(C), which requires that the aggravating circumstance ‘may be stated in the words of the subdivision in which it appears, or in words sufficient to give the accused notice of the same.’ Thus, the language of the statute clearly provides that the specification is sufficient if the accused knows which subsection, or which aggravating circumstance of the eight listed in R.C. 2929.04(A) has been alleged.

“While the specification in the present case contained a technical error, we cannot find that this error rendered the indictment invalid, as the correct language of the specification was clearly ascertainable to appellant. The indictment's aggravated-felony-murder count and specification recited an obvious and undeniable reference to R.C. 2929.04(A)(7) (the felony murder specification) as the capital specification * * *. The indictment informed appellant of all elements comprising the capital offense of aggravated murder under R.C. 2901.03(B) [ sic, 2903.01(B) ], as the exact language of that section containing all the elements for that offense was correctly recited in the single count of the indictment. Following the count set forth in the indictment and pursuant to R.C. 2941.14, a capital specification was included, which stated verbatim the relevant language of R.C. 2929.04(A)(7), except for the substitutional error in the last word of the specification. However, appellant certainly had sufficient notice from the wording of the specification that the aggravating circumstance set forth in R.C. 2929.04(A)(7) was being alleged. In fact, appellant, his attorneys, the prosecutor, and the trial judge treated the indictment as valid at all stages of the proceedings, never noticing any flaw in the indictment. Thus, the record demonstrates that the wording of the specification was sufficient to give appellant notice that the state was required to prove that he was a principal offender in the commission of the aggravated murder of Ryan Young pursuant to the specification contained in R.C. 2929.04(A)(7).

“Furthermore, appellant has not shown that he was prejudiced in the defense of his case from this substitutional error or that he would have proceeded differently had this error been corrected. Indeed, had the error been discovered, it was properly subject to amendment. Crim.R. 7(D).” Joseph, 73 Ohio St.3d at 456-457, 653 N.E.2d at 291-292.

In the case at bar, Count One of the indictment charged appellant with the aggravated (felony) murder of Tami Engstrom. The single count of aggravated murder carried two R.C. 2929.04(A)(7) death penalty specifications. The two specifications of aggravating circumstances expressly referred to R.C. 2929.04(A)(7) and stated, respectively, that “KENNETH BIROS committed the offense at bar [aggravated murder] while he was committing or fleeing immediately after committing Aggravated Robbery” and “KENNETH BIROS committed the offense at bar [aggravated murder] while he was attempting to commit or fleeing immediately after attempting to commit Rape.” The specifications did not expressly track the language of R.C. 2929.04(A)(7), since there was no specific allegation that appellant was the “principal offender” in the aggravated murder or that he had committed the offense with prior calculation and design. However, notwithstanding that omission, the indictment clearly provided appellant with adequate notice of the death penalty specifications with which he was being charged. The record clearly demonstrates that at all stages of the proceedings, appellant understood that he was being prosecuted for having personally killed Tami Engstrom during the course of an aggravated robbery and attempted rape. Appellant, defense counsel, the prosecution and the trial court treated the indictment as valid throughout the proceedings without noticing any defect in the specifications of aggravating circumstances. Moreover, appellant was indicted and tried on the basis that he had acted alone in the killing, without any accomplices. He was the only individual accused of killing Tami Engstrom and, as the only offender, appellant was, ipso facto, the “principal offender.” Based upon the rationale and holdings in Joseph, we reject appellant's arguments concerning the sufficiency of the indictment.

In this proposition, appellant also contends that the trial court erred by failing to instruct the jury that appellant must be found to be the principal offender of the aggravated murder offense to be found guilty of the R.C. 2929.04(A)(7) death penalty specifications. Additionally, appellant protests that the verdict forms failed to reflect that the jury found appellant to be the principal offender. However, appellant failed to object to the absence of the term “principal offender” in the jury instructions and verdict forms. Thus, these issues have been waived. Further, there is absolutely no evidence in this case to suggest that the aggravated murder of Tami Engstrom involved more than one offender. Indeed, appellant even admitted at trial that he had acted alone in causing the death of his victim. Thus, appellant was either the principal offender in the commission of the aggravated murder, or he committed no aggravated murder offense at all. We find that, under these circumstances, the omission of R.C. 2929.04(A)(7) “principal offender” language in the jury instructions and verdict forms was not outcome-determinative. Accord State v. Bonnell (1991), 61 Ohio St.3d 179, 184, 573 N.E.2d 1082, 1087.

Additionally, with respect to the charges in connection with Count One of the indictment, appellant argues that “[b]ecause the verdict forms failed to state the ‘degree’ (capital offense) of the charge or the additional elements, ‘principal’ or ‘prior calculation or design,’ the verdict constituted a finding of the ‘least degree’ of the offense charged, i.e. aggravated murder without specifications.” Here, the jury returned a guilty verdict on Count One of the indictment, and the verdict clearly reflects that the charge upon which the verdict was returned was “aggravated murder.” As the court of appeals recognized, “aggravated murder” is the degree of the offense with which appellant was charged in Count One of the indictment. See R.C. 2901.02(A). Separate verdict forms were also returned for each of the two specifications of aggravating circumstances in connection with Count One. Therefore, we reject appellant's contentions that the verdict forms are somehow defective for failing to state the degree of the offense charged.

Accordingly, for the foregoing reasons, appellant's first proposition of law is not well taken.

II

Prior to trial, appellant filed a motion to suppress the incriminating statements he had made to police during his February 9, 1991 interview at the Brookfield Township Police Department. The trial court denied appellant's motion to suppress. In his second proposition of law, appellant contends that the trial court committed reversible error in denying the motion since, according to appellant, his statements to police were obtained in violation of Miranda, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694. Specifically, appellant asserts that he was subjected to “custodial interrogation” before police advised him of his Miranda rights. We disagree.

In Miranda, the United States Supreme Court held that: “[T]he prosecution may not use statements, whether exculpatory or inculpatory, stemming from custodial interrogation of the defendant unless it demonstrates the use of procedural safeguards effective to secure the privilege against self-incrimination. By custodial interrogation, we mean questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way. As for the procedural safeguards to be employed, unless other fully effective means are devised to inform accused persons of their right of silence and to assure a continuous opportunity to exercise it, the following measures are required. Prior to any questioning, the person must be warned that he has a right to remain silent, that any statement he does make may be used as evidence against him, and that he has a right to the presence of an attorney, either retained or appointed. The defendant may waive effectuation of these rights, provided the waiver is made voluntarily, knowingly and intelligently. If, however, he indicates in any manner and at any stage of the process that he wishes to consult with an attorney before speaking there can be no questioning. Likewise, if the individual is alone and indicates in any manner that he does not wish to be interrogated, the police may not question him. The mere fact that he may have answered some questions or volunteered some statements on his own does not deprive him of the right to refrain from answering any further inquiries until he has consulted with an attorney and thereafter consents to be questioned.” (Emphasis added and footnote omitted.) Id. at 444-445, 86 S.Ct. at 1612, 16 L.Ed.2d at 706-707.

Police are not required to administer Miranda warnings to everyone whom they question. Oregon v. Mathiason (1977), 429 U.S. 492, 495, 97 S.Ct. 711, 714, 50 L.Ed.2d 714, 719. “Nor is the requirement of warnings to be imposed simply because the questioning takes place in the station house, or because the questioned person is one whom the police suspect.” Id. Only custodial interrogation triggers the need for Miranda warnings. Id. at 494, 97 S.Ct. at 713, 50 L.Ed.2d at 719. See, also, Berkemer v. McCarty (1984), 468 U.S. 420, 440-442, 104 S.Ct. 3138, 3150-3152, 82 L.Ed.2d 317, 335-336. The determination whether a custodial interrogation has occurred requires an inquiry into “how a reasonable man in the suspect's position would have understood his situation.” Berkemer at 442, 104 S.Ct. at 3151, 82 L.Ed.2d at 336. “[T]he ultimate inquiry is simply whether there is a ‘formal arrest or restraint on freedom of movement’ of the degree associated with a formal arrest.” California v. Beheler (1983), 463 U.S. 1121, 1125, 103 S.Ct. 3517, 3520, 77 L.Ed.2d 1275, 1279. See, also, State v. Barnes (1986), 25 Ohio St.3d 203, 207, 25 OBR 266, 270, 495 N.E.2d 922, 925.

The following matters were elicited at the hearing on appellant's motion to suppress. On Saturday, February 9, 1991, Lieutenant Frank Murphy of the Brookfield Township Police Department left a message on appellant's answering machine asking appellant to come to the police station to discuss the disappearance of Tami Engstrom. Police wanted to speak with appellant because he had been the last person to have seen Tami before her disappearance. Subsequently, Murphy asked Officer Marchio of the Brookfield Township Police Department to drive to appellant's residence to see whether appellant was home and to ask appellant to come to the police station. While en route to appellant's residence, Officer Marchio passed appellant on King Graves Road. Appellant informed Marchio that he was on his way to the police station. Appellant then continued on his way to the station, apparently unaccompanied by Marchio. After arriving at the station, appellant was taken to a small room for questioning. Appellant was informed that he was not under arrest and that he could leave at any time. During questioning, appellant eventually revealed to Captain John Klaric of the Sharon Police Department that something bad had happened and that Tami had died. Klaric then notified Detective Rocky Fonce of the Brookfield Township Police Department and Fonce advised appellant of his Miranda rights. At that time, appellant acknowledged that he understood his rights and he agreed to waive them. Appellant then once again repeated his version of how Tami had died. He also stated that Tami's body was located in Pennsylvania. When police asked appellant to reveal the exact location of the body, appellant did not respond. Instead, appellant stated that he wanted to speak with an attorney. After conferring with counsel, appellant, his attorney, and the police reached an agreement whereby appellant voluntarily disclosed the exact location of Tami's body.

Appellant argues that he was subjected to custodial interrogation from the beginning of his interview with police since, according to appellant, a reasonable person in his situation would have considered himself to be “in custody.” To support this argument, appellant protests that “[o]fficers did not wait for [appellant] to voluntarily respond to their invitation [to come to the police station] but rather sent a car to look for him.” Appellant also asserts that a custodial interrogation occurred because (1) “he was crowded into a small interrogation room with three officers,” (2) he was asked to explain inconsistencies in his statements, (3) Klaric questioned appellant using interview techniques whereby he suggested certain scenarios that might have occurred between appellant and Tami Engstrom, (4) appellant was asked to take a polygraph test, and (5) police told appellant that he would feel better if he “got it out.”

The trial court denied appellant's motion to suppress on the basis that the interview conducted by the police did not constitute a custodial interrogation. The trial court found that appellant “came to the [station] voluntarily in his own vehicle. The evidence revealed he was not placed under arrest, booked, photographed, or fingerprinted.” Further, the trial court found that appellant “was taken to an interview room and interviewed * * *. [Police] not only advised Defendant that he was not under arrest, but also that he could get up and leave at any time. This Court finds that the interview of Defendant did not constitute a custodial interrogation as outlined in Oregon v. Mathiason (1977), 429 U.S. 492 [97 S.Ct. 711, 50 L.Ed.2d 714].”

We find that the trial court did not err in reaching this conclusion. Officer Marchio was asked to go to appellant's residence merely to request that appellant come to the police station. Before Marchio actually arrived at appellant's residence, appellant was already voluntarily on his way to the station in his own vehicle. At the time, Tami was simply a missing person and appellant was the last individual known to have seen her. At the station, appellant was taken to an interview room and the door was not closed. Appellant was specifically advised that he was not under arrest and that he was free to leave at any time. During questioning, appellant eventually admitted that he was with Tami when she died. Appellant was never forced or compelled to respond to the questions posed by police. Clearly, appellant was not in custody at the time he admitted his involvement in Tami's death. There is absolutely no evidence to indicate that appellant was under arrest or that police imposed any restraint on his freedom of movement. Further, appellant was promptly advised of his Miranda rights when he admitted involvement in the death of Tami Engstrom.

Appellant also contends that he was pressured by police to reveal the location of the body after he had requested to speak with an attorney. We disagree. When police asked appellant for the precise location of Tami's body, appellant requested to speak with an attorney. At that point, Detective Fonce terminated his interview with appellant. Appellant was also told by Captain Klaric that he would not be asked any further questions. Klaric then commented that appellant had “done the right thing” and that Tami's family deserved to know the location of the body. However, appellant was asked no further questions and Klaric's comment elicited no response from appellant. After consulting with counsel, appellant voluntarily revealed the exact location of Tami's body.

We find no violation of Miranda on the facts of this case. Appellant was not in custody at the time he admitted his involvement in Tami's death. When appellant finally admitted involvement, he was properly advised of his Miranda rights. After appellant requested to speak with his attorney, all further questioning ceased. Thereafter, appellant voluntarily agreed to reveal the location of the victim's body. Thus, we reject appellant's assertions that the trial court erred in denying the motion to suppress.

Accordingly, appellant's second proposition of law is not well taken.

III

In his third proposition of law, appellant argues that certain statements made by the trial court and by counsel during voir dire violated R.C. 2929.03(B). Specifically, appellant contends that “the trial court in the present case instructed numerous jurors, and allowed the attorneys to also instruct the jurors that a finding of guilt on at least one of the two specifications was necessary before the appellant could face the possibility of the death penalty.” However, appellant did not object to these statements at trial and, thus, his arguments have been waived. See State v. Campbell (1994), 69 Ohio St.3d 38, 40-41, 630 N.E.2d 339, 344. Additionally, as noted by the court of appeals, “appellant's counsel engaged in questioning of the potential jurors which was substantially similar to that questioning to which he now objects.” Obviously, appellant cannot take advantage of an error he invited or induced. See State v. Seiber (1990), 56 Ohio St.3d 4, 17, 564 N.E.2d 408, 422.

In any event, we find no reversible error. Here, appellant points to several instances during voir dire in which prospective jurors were informed of the possibility of a mitigation hearing in the event appellant was found guilty of aggravated murder and at least one of the specifications of aggravating circumstances. Appellant claims that discussing such matters with prospective jurors violates R.C. 2929.03(B), which provides that, in a capital case, the trial court's instructions to the jury “shall not mention the penalty that may be the consequence of a guilty or not guilty verdict on any charge or specification.” However, “R.C. 2929.03(B) applies to the guilt phase of the bifurcated trial, directing that during such phase the jury shall not be permitted to consider a possible penalty.” State v. Jester (1987), 32 Ohio St.3d 147, 154, 512 N.E.2d 962, 970. Nothing in the statute indicates that it was intended to apply to voir dire. Further, as was the case in Jester, to apply R.C. 2929.03(B) in a manner suggested by appellant would needlessly complicate or render impossible the already difficult process of “death-qualifying” a jury. Id.

Appellant has failed to demonstrate the existence of any error rising to the level of plain error, and, accordingly, we reject appellant's third proposition of law.

IV

In his fourth proposition of law, appellant argues that the trial court erred by allowing the prosecution to peremptorily challenge two prospective jurors who expressed or indicated some aversion to the death penalty. However, we have held that “apart from excluding jurors based on race or gender, ‘prosecutors can exercise a peremptory challenge for any reason, without inquiry, and without a court's control.’ ” State v. Ballew (1996), 76 Ohio St.3d 244, 253, 667 N.E.2d 369, 379. Therefore, appellant's fourth proposition of law is not well taken.

V

In his fifth proposition of law, appellant argues that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting into evidence nineteen gruesome photographic projection slides and five enlarged (approximately twelve by eighteen inches) gruesome photographs. Appellant contends that the photographs and slides were repetitive and cumulative in number, and that the prejudicial impact of the evidence far exceeded its probative value. Additionally, appellant contends that the photographs had been enlarged solely to inflame the passions of the jury. We find no merit to appellant's contentions.

Under Evid.R. 403 and 611(A), the admission of photographs is left to the sound discretion of the trial court. State v. Landrum (1990), 53 Ohio St.3d 107, 121, 559 N.E.2d 710, 726. In State v. Maurer (1984), 15 Ohio St.3d 239, 15 OBR 379, 473 N.E.2d 768, paragraph seven of the syllabus, we held that “[p]roperly authenticated photographs, even if gruesome, are admissible in a capital prosecution if relevant and of probative value in assisting the trier of fact to determine the issues or are illustrative of testimony and other evidence, as long as the danger of material prejudice to a defendant is outweighed by their probative value and the photographs are not repetitive or cumulative in number.” See, also, State v. Morales (1987), 32 Ohio St.3d 252, 258, 513 N.E.2d 267, 273-274. Further, gruesome photographic projection slides of a victim are not per se inadmissible. See, generally, State v. Thompson (1987), 33 Ohio St.3d 1, 9, 514 N.E.2d 407, 415-416; and Joseph, 73 Ohio St.3d at 460, 653 N.E.2d at 294. Nor does size alone automatically increase the prejudicial aspect of the photographic evidence in question. See, generally, State v. Gumm (1995), 73 Ohio St.3d 413, 425, 653 N.E.2d 253, 265; and State v. DePew (1988), 38 Ohio St.3d 275, 282, 528 N.E.2d 542, 551.

In the case at bar, the jury viewed nineteen autopsy slides which were projected on a screen during the testimony of Dr. William Cox, the Summit County Coroner. Virtually all of the slides showed the victim's body and body parts and were, in fact, gruesome. The slides were used to illustrate Dr. Cox's testimony and corroborated his conclusions that, among other things, the victim had been severely beaten and that there had been an attempt at sexual mutilation.

Nevertheless, appellant would have us believe that there were no contested issues concerning the cause and manner of the victim's death and that the photographs and slides had absolutely no relevance to any factual matters at issue. However, the record belies appellant's assertions in this regard.

At trial, appellant admitted causing the victim's death, but claimed that he had simply placed his hand over the victim's mouth and had accidentally killed her. The testimony of Dr. Karle Williams, the defense pathologist, discounted some of the state's evidence of a severe beating, and appellant testified that he never struck Tami with his fists or with the blunt end of a knife. The defensive wounds and the numerous lacerations, abrasions, avulsions, and contusions depicted in the slides and photographs supported Cox's testimony. Specifically, the wounds depicted in the slides, combined with Cox's expert testimony, confirmed that the victim had been severely beaten. Appellant also testified that he had cut apart Tami's body in a blind rage, using only a pocket knife. Conversely, the slides and photographs demonstrate relatively meticulous incisions, particularly in the area where appellant had removed, among other things, the victim's vagina. Cox testified that a second and much larger knife had been used in the amputations, and the slides and photographs helped prove that point. Cox found no evidence that the victim had been struck by a car. Appellant claimed that he had inadvertently struck Tami with his car. Williams testified that the victim may have been struck by a car and concluded that the victim's leg may have been fractured prior to death. Cox found that the victim had died from strangulation. Williams believed that the victim may have been suffocated-not strangled. The suffocation theory tended to support appellant's claims of an accident. Again, the slides and photographs supported Cox's conclusions that the victim's death was no accident. Additionally, Cox found signs of an attempt at sexual mutilation. Appellant, who stood accused of attempted rape, denied any sexual intentions toward Tami.

Upon review of the photographic evidence and the events at trial, we find that the wounds depicted in the slides and photographs were probative of contested issues of intent, purpose, motive, and the cause, manner and circumstances of the victim's death. Although gruesome, the photographic evidence of the victim's body and body parts was highly probative, and the value of that evidence clearly outweighed the danger of unfair prejudice.

Moreover, before allowing the jury to view the slides, the trial court had reviewed in camera thirty-one autopsy slides that had been offered by the prosecution. The record is clear that the trial court carefully examined each slide and entertained arguments by the prosecution and defense regarding the repetitive nature of some slides. Only nineteen of the thirty-one slides were shown to the jury. We agree with the court of appeals' finding that the slides were neither repetitive nor cumulative and that, in fact, “[t]he number of slides [was] kept to a minimum in relation to the factual issues in dispute.” As to the five enlarged photographs, the court of appeals held, the state concedes, and we agree, that these five photographs were repetitive of some slides. However, these photographs were admitted into evidence as substitutes for the slides, and were made available to the jury for use during deliberations in lieu of the slides. Further, the trial court's charge to the jury at the conclusion of the guilt phase included a cautionary instruction informing the jury that “these photos are introduced in order to show you what has been described as premortem and postmortem injury. These photos are introduced for this purpose and this purpose only.”

In addition, we find nothing in the record to support appellant's contentions that the photographic evidence at issue had been enlarged to inflame the passions of the jury. There is nothing in the record to suggest that the prosecution intended to inflame the jury or that the passions of the jury became inflamed as a result of the evidence. Indeed, the record is clear that the prosecution exercised extreme care with respect to the exhibits offered into evidence and that the trial court exercised sound discretion in deciding which exhibits to admit.

For the foregoing reasons, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the slides and photographs into evidence. Accordingly, we reject appellant's fifth proposition of law.

VI

In his sixth proposition of law, appellant contends that the evidence was insufficient to support a finding of attempted rape. On this basis, appellant seeks reversal of his attempted rape conviction as well as the finding of guilt on the R.C. 2929.04(A)(7) specification that the killing had occurred while appellant was committing attempted rape. In reviewing the sufficiency of evidence, “the relevant question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” (Emphasis sic.) Jackson v. Virginia (1979), 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 2789, 61 L.Ed.2d 560, 573.

Appellant relies on State v. Heinish (1990), 50 Ohio St.3d 231, 553 N.E.2d 1026, to support his claim that the evidence in the present case is legally insufficient to sustain a finding of attempted rape. In Heinish, a majority of this court reversed an aggravated murder conviction on the basis that the state had failed to adduce sufficient proof of attempted rape, which was the only felony underlying the aggravated murder charge considered in that case. Id. at 238-239 and 241, 553 N.E.2d at 1034-1035 and 1037. In Heinish, the victim was found with her jeans partially unzipped and pulled partially down from her waist. Her blouse was partially up from the waist. She was wearing no underwear and no shoes. A saliva stain which could have come from the defendant was found on the outside of the victim's jeans. The majority in Heinish concluded that these facts were legally insufficient to sustain Heinish's attempted rape conviction. Id. at 238-239, 553 N.E.2d at 1034-1035. Appellant suggests that the evidence of attempted rape in Heinish was even more compelling than the evidence of the attempted rape in the case at bar.

Conversely, the state contends, and we agree, that the evidence of attempted rape in the case at bar (1) far exceeds the evidence of attempted rape in Heinish, (2) is even more compelling than the facts and circumstances found sufficient to support a rape and aggravated murder conviction in State v. Durr (1991), 58 Ohio St.3d 86, 568 N.E.2d 674, and (3) is at least as compelling as the evidence found sufficient to support an attempted rape and aggravated murder conviction in State v. Scudder (1994), 71 Ohio St.3d 263, 643 N.E.2d 524.

In Durr, 58 Ohio St.3d at 93, 568 N.E.2d at 682, a majority of this court upheld Durr's rape conviction and rejected a claim of insufficiency of proof, stating: “In this case, the prosecution presented highly probative circumstantial evidence. Except for a pair of tennis shoes, the victim's body was found nude from the waist down. In addition, Deborah Mullins testified that when she saw Angel [the victim] tied up in the back of appellant's car, appellant informed Deborah that he was going to kill Angel because she would tell. Based upon these facts, we believe that there was sufficient probative evidence from which a rational trier of fact could have found the appellant guilty of rape beyond a reasonable doubt.”

It is important to note that Durr was decided after Heinish had been decided. Additionally, both Heinish and Durr were decided under the former rule that convictions based solely on circumstantial evidence may be sustained only where the evidence excluded all reasonable hypotheses of innocence. In State v. Jenks (1991), 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492, we abandoned that former rule and held that “[c]ircumstantial evidence and direct evidence inherently possess the same probative value and therefore should be subjected to the same standard of proof.” Id. at paragraph one of the syllabus.

More recently, we unanimously held, in Scudder, 71 Ohio St.3d at 274-275, 643 N.E.2d at 533, that the following facts and circumstances were “clearly sufficient” to support a finding of attempted rape: “[A]ppellant [Scudder] suggests that the evidence was insufficient to support a finding of attempted rape. We disagree. Appellant's sexual interest in Tina [the victim] was apparent. The evidence indicated that appellant desperately wanted to be alone with Tina. Tina was found with her pants at her ankles and her panties at midthigh. The evidence indicated that Tina had been forcibly undressed. The killer had apparently raked his fingers over Tina's stomach and downward toward the pubic region. Bloody hand marks were found on Tina's thighs, indicating that the killer had tried to force Tina's legs apart. Appellant's blood was found on Tina's body and clothing. A drop of appellant's blood had apparently dripped onto Tina's face while she was still alive, and while appellant was standing directly above her. This evidence was clearly sufficient for a reasonable jury to conclude that appellant attempted to rape Tina.” (Emphasis added.)

The evidence of attempted rape in the case at bar is at least as compelling as the evidence of the attempted rape in Scudder. Here, there was an abundance of highly probative evidence which, if believed, was sufficient for any rational trier of fact to have found that appellant attempted to rape Tami beyond a reasonable doubt.

By his own admission, appellant drove Tami to a secluded area near his home while she was sleeping and without her consent. There was evidence that appellant told Captain John Klaric that while he and Tami were seated in the car, appellant reached over and touched Tami's hand and then “went further” and either touched or felt her leg. Appellant told Detective Rocky Fonce that he had reached over and grabbed Tami in the car. Appellant testified that he did not make any sexual advances toward Tami and that he never told police he had attempted to go “further” with her. However, the credibility of the witnesses was a matter for the jury to determine. This jury apparently disbelieved much of appellant's testimony concerning the events leading up to and culminating in the victim's death.

Tami was found completely unclothed except for remnants of black leg stockings which appeared to have been forcibly rolled down to her feet or ankles. When police recovered Tami's leather coat, there were two discernible cut marks on or near the collar. No other cut marks were noted anywhere else on the garment. The medical evidence established that Tami had been stabbed five times within minutes after her death. Some of the stab wounds were located in the area of the chest and abdomen. According to appellant, Tami was fully clothed at the time he inflicted the postmortem stab wounds. However, the absence of any coinciding punctures in the material of Tami's coat supports the inference that the coat had been removed at some earlier point during the attack. Tami's sweater, pants, and undergarments were never found, and appellant's concealment or destruction of this and other evidence can be viewed as suggestive of appellant's consciousness of guilt. Evidence was presented which, if accepted, revealed that Tami had been severely beaten and strangled by appellant and that there had been an attempt at sexual mutilation. A knife had been run down across Tami's mouth. There were two premortem knife wounds near the nipple of the right breast. There were other premortem injuries to the breasts and in the area of the groin. The anus, rectum, right breast, and virtually all of the sexual organs had been removed from the torso within minutes after death. Appellant was able to lead police to the various locations of Tami's dismembered body parts but, for some reason, he claimed not to recall what he had done with the anus, rectum, vagina, and sexual organs. A reasonable inference to be derived from the evisceration of Tami's sexual organs is that appellant was attempting to conceal evidence of rape or attempted rape. As the court of appeals so ably recognized, “[the] facts evince lasciviousness and, further, the evisceration of the sexual organs is suggestive of concealment of consummated purpose.”

Viewing the evidence and the reasonable inferences to be derived therefrom in a light most favorable to the prosecution, we find that the evidence of record was clearly sufficient for a rational jury to conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant purposefully killed Tami during the commission of an attempted rape. Accordingly, we reject appellant's sixth proposition of law.

VII

In his seventh proposition of law, appellant contends that the evidence was insufficient to sustain his conviction for aggravated robbery and the R.C. 2929.04(A)(7) specification premised on aggravated robbery because, according to appellant, he never had any intention to steal Tami's property (the diamond ring) until after he had killed her. The court of appeals agreed, in part, holding that although the evidence was sufficient to sustain appellant's conviction for aggravated robbery, the aggravated robbery could not serve as one of the underlying felonies for the felony-murder charge and that the trial court had erred in submitting to the jury, in the penalty phase, the R.C. 2929.04(A)(7) aggravating circumstance that the murder was committed during the course of the aggravated robbery. In reaching its conclusions concerning the insufficiency of proof, the court of appeals relied on the fact that there was no evidence to demonstrate that appellant had “formed the intent to rob the victim prior to or during the acts which resulted in her death.” Specifically, the court of appeals apparently construed the term “while,” as that term appears in R.C. 2903.01(B) and 2929.04(A)(7), as requiring proof that appellant intended to rob Tami at the time he killed her.

The state agrees with the court of appeals' determination that there was sufficient evidence to sustain appellant's conviction for aggravated robbery, but vehemently disagrees with the court of appeals' remaining conclusions outlined above. The state's sole proposition of law on cross-appeal reads: “Under both R.C. § 2903.01(B) and R.C. § 2929.04(A)(7), the evidence need not establish that an offender formed an intent to commit an aggravated robbery at or prior to the time he committed an aggravated murder in order to support a conviction so long as the aggravated robbery was committed ‘while’ the offender was committing aggravated murder.”

The court of appeals' findings of insufficiency of proof that the murder was committed while appellant was committing or fleeing immediately after committing aggravated robbery were based upon that court's reliance upon its earlier decision in Williams, Trumbull App. No. 89-T-4210, unreported, 1995 WL 237092, which has since been reversed in relevant part. See State v. Williams (1996), 74 Ohio St.3d 569, 660 N.E.2d 724. In our decision in Williams at 576-578, 660 N.E.2d at 732-733, we specifically rejected any notion that R.C. 2903.01(B) and 2929.04(A)(7) require proof that the offender formed the intent to commit the pertinent underlying felony before or during the commission of the acts which resulted in the murder victim's death. We held that: “Neither the felony-murder statute nor Ohio case law requires the intent to commit a felony to precede the murder in order to find a defendant guilty of a felony-murder specification.” Id. at paragraph one of the syllabus. Further, in Williams, we stated that: “This court has had occasion to explain the meaning of the word ‘while’ with respect to R.C. 2903.01(B), stating: “ ‘ “The term ‘while’ does not indicate * * * that the killing must occur at the same instant as the [underlying felony], or that the killing must have been caused by [it], but, rather, indicates that the killing must be directly associated with the [underlying felony] as part of one continuous occurrence * * *.” * * * ' State v. Cooey (1989), 46 Ohio St.3d 20, 23, 544 N.E.2d 895, 903, quoting State v. Cooper (1977), 52 Ohio St.2d 163, 179-180, 6 O.O.3d 377, 386, 370 N.E.2d 725, 736.” Williams, 74 Ohio St.3d at 577, 660 N.E.2d at 733.

Here, appellant testified that fifteen to twenty minutes after he killed Tami, he began cutting her body and removing her clothes. The medical evidence confirmed that Tami had been eviscerated minutes after death. After cutting the body, appellant dragged the corpse into the woods. According to appellant, as he was dragging the body from the scene, he took Tami's ring from her finger and placed the ring in his pocket. Appellant claimed that he did not intend to steal the ring. However, the fact that appellant took the ring gives rise to the inference that he intended to keep it, and the fact that he intended to keep the ring is supported by other inferences arising from his later activities with regard to that property. After removing the ring from Tami's finger, appellant continued dragging the body through the woods until he arrived at his intended location, severed the head and right lower extremity for ease of burial, and buried the body.

Viewing the evidence and the reasonable inferences to be derived therefrom in a light most favorable to the prosecution, it is clear that any rational finder of fact could conclude that appellant committed an aggravated robbery FN2 beyond a reasonable doubt. Even appellant's own testimony was sufficient to show the commission of an aggravated robbery offense. Specifically, appellant knowingly obtained or exerted control over Tami's ring without her consent and, at least inferentially, with the purpose to deprive her of that property. Thus, the evidence was sufficient to show that appellant committed a “theft offense” as that term is defined in former R.C. 2913.01 (see former R.C. 2913.02[A][1] ) and that appellant had a deadly weapon on or about his person or under his control the entire time. Former R.C. 2911.01(A).

FN2. At the time of the offense, former R.C. 2911.01 provided: “(A) No person, in attempting or committing a theft offense, as defined in section 2913.01 of the Revised Code, or in fleeing immediately after such attempt or offense, shall do either of the following: “(1) Have a deadly weapon or dangerous ordnance, as defined in section 2923.11 of the Revised Code, on or about his person or under his control; “(2) Inflict, or attempt to inflict serious physical harm on another. “(B) Whoever violates this section is guilty of aggravated robbery, an aggravated felony of the first degree.” (Emphasis added.) 140 Ohio Laws, Part I, 583, 590.

Moreover, the evidence was indeed sufficient to support a finding that the killing was “associated with” the aggravated robbery and the attempted rape “as part of one continuous occurrence.” Williams, 74 Ohio St.3d at 577, 660 N.E.2d at 733. Evidence was presented which, if accepted, clearly shows that appellant beat Tami, attempted to rape her, and strangled her to death. Appellant's testimony was that he began cutting Tami's body after he killed her, took her ring as he was dragging the body away, severed the head and leg, and then buried Tami's body parts. Thus, even by appellant's own testimony, his theft of the ring was associated with the killing as part of one continuous occurrence. Appellant cannot escape the effect of the felony-murder rule by claiming that the aggravated robbery was simply an afterthought. “[T]he victim of a robbery, killed just prior to the robber's carrying off her property, is nonetheless the victim of an aggravated robbery. The victim need not be alive at the time of asportation.” State v. Smith (1991), 61 Ohio St.3d 284, 290, 574 N.E.2d 510, 516. Appellant's intent to steal need not have preceded the murder for purposes of R.C. 2903.01(B) and 2929.04(A)(7). Williams, 74 Ohio St.3d 569, 660 N.E.2d 724.

Accordingly, we reject appellant's seventh proposition of law and, in accordance with our decision in Williams, we reverse the judgment of the court of appeals with respect to the issues raised in the state's cross-appeal.

VIII

Dale Laux, a forensic scientist with the Ohio Bureau of Criminal Identification and Investigation, found blood spatters on the side of a steel railroad track at the crime scene, blood spatters inside the left sleeve of appellant's coat, and two cut marks or defects on or near the collar of Tami's black leather coat. At trial, Laux was permitted to testify as an expert concerning these and other matters. Laux testified that the blood spatters on the rail of the track and the spatters inside the left sleeve of appellant's coat were “typical of” and “consistent with” a beating. He also testified that blood spatters of the type found inside the left sleeve of appellant's coat are typically generated in a situation where the person wearing the coat holds down a victim using the left hand while beating the victim with the right hand. Laux testified further that Tami's black leather coat had two cut marks (as opposed to tears) on or near the collar. However, Laux was not permitted to render an expert opinion as to how the cuts had occurred.

In his eighth proposition of law, appellant claims that although Laux is an undisputed expert in the field of blood typing, he lacked proper qualifications to render an expert opinion concerning blood-spatter evidence and the fact that Tami's jacket had been cut rather than torn. Appellant further suggests that blood-spatter analysis is not a proper subject for expert testimony. However, the admission of expert testimony is a matter committed to the sound discretion of the trial court. See Williams, 74 Ohio St.3d at 576, 660 N.E.2d at 732. Further, we have indicated in a previous capital case that blood-spatter analysis is indeed a proper subject for expert testimony. See Scudder, 71 Ohio St.3d at 267-270 and 280, 643 N.E.2d at 528-530 and 537 (finding no abuse of discretion in allowing testimony of an expert in blood-spatter analysis, and also rejecting Scudder's twenty-eighth proposition of law, which had alleged error in the admission of expert opinion testimony in the area of blood-spatter interpretation). Moreover, we note that although appellant generally objected at trial to some of Laux's conclusions concerning blood spatters, he never specifically objected to Laux's qualifications to render such opinions or challenged blood spatter-analysis as a proper subject for expert testimony. Appellant's failure to object to Laux's qualifications as an expert, and to blood-spatter analysis as a proper subject for expert testimony, constitutes a waiver of the issues involved. See Campbell, 69 Ohio St.3d at 40-41, 630 N.E.2d at 344.

In any event, “ ‘[u]nder Evid.R. 702, an expert may be qualified by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education to give an opinion which will assist the jury to understand the evidence and determine a fact at issue.’ ” (Emphasis sic.) State v. Wogenstahl (1996), 75 Ohio St.3d 344, 362, 662 N.E.2d 311, 325, citing State v. Beuke (1988), 38 Ohio St.3d 29, 43, 526 N.E.2d 274, 289. In the case at bar, Laux testified that he had over eleven years' experience as a forensic scientist with the Ohio Bureau of Criminal Identification and Investigation. In that capacity, he has been involved in the analysis of bloodstains, semen stains, and the examination and analysis of trace-evidence such as hairs and fibers. He has attended numerous training classes in the areas of bloodstain and trace evidence analysis at the Federal Bureau of Investigation Academy in Quantico, Virginia. He has also attended classes in bloodstain analysis at the Serological Research Institute in California. He has attended numerous seminars and workshops in the areas of his expertise. He holds both a Bachelor of Science and a Master of Science degree. During his career, Laux has been involved in several thousand cases dealing with blood analysis and trace evidence and has written several articles for scientific journals regarding, among other things, bloodstain analysis. Laux testified that he had taught a workshop in blood-spatter analysis and had generated spatters of the type at issue in this case. Additionally, with respect to the cuts on the collar of Tami's coat, Laux had personally examined the garment. Laux testified that he had evaluated cuts and marks on similar items during the course of his work as a forensic scientist and that he had previously offered his opinions on such matters in other cases.

We find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in allowing the expert testimony in light of Laux's extensive knowledge, experience, training, and education as a forensic scientist. We also note, in passing, that the fact that appellant severely beat Tami before he killed her was demonstrated by overwhelming evidence at trial, with or without Laux's expert testimony on the subject of blood-spatter interpretation. Thus, it is clear that appellant cannot demonstrate plain error with respect to Laux's expert testimony that the blood spatters found on the railroad track and the spatters of blood inside appellant's coat were consistent with a beating. Accordingly, we find no error, plain or otherwise, and we reject appellant's eighth proposition of law.

IX

In his ninth proposition of law, appellant complains of several instances of alleged prosecutorial misconduct which, according to appellant, deprived him of a fair trial. We disagree.

During the state's opening argument in the guilt phase, the prosecutor commented that the victim's body had not been disturbed by animals prior to being recovered by police. In the guilt phase, the prosecutor elicited testimony from Pennsylvania State Trooper Daniel Keith Johnson that there were no signs of animal bites on any of the body parts recovered from Pennsylvania. The prosecutor also questioned Dr. Cox on this issue, and Cox noted that there was no evidence that animals had tampered with the body.

Appellant argues that the prosecutor's remark during opening arguments was improper and inflammatory, and that Johnson's testimony regarding animal bites was “completely irrelevant.” We reject appellant's arguments in this regard. The prosecutor's remark was not improper and was later substantiated by testimony in the guilt phase. If the prosecutor had not negated the possibility of damage by animals, appellant may have attempted to argue that tampering by animals contributed to the condition of Tami's body. The testimony of Trooper Johnson and Dr. Cox was relevant to negate mutilation by wildlife as a possible alternative source of damage to the body. Thus, we find no prosecutorial misconduct with respect to the prosecutor's remark and the above testimony.

In this proposition of law, appellant also complains of four additional instances of alleged prosecutorial misconduct that occurred during the guilt phase. According to appellant, the following four instances of alleged misconduct involved the improper introduction of victim-impact evidence in the guilt phase and/or gave rise to matters that were “entirely irrelevant to the guilt or innocence of [the] defendant.”

The first instance of alleged misconduct occurred during the prosecutor's cross-examination of appellant in the guilt phase when the prosecutor referred to appellant's initial failure to tell police the location of Tami's body. The prosecutor's reference clearly did not constitute victim-impact evidence. Further, the trial court sustained an objection to the prosecutor's remark and instructed the jury to disregard the statement. We presume that the jury followed the trial court's instruction in this regard. Thus, no prejudicial error resulted from this single remark by the prosecutor.

The second instance of alleged misconduct also occurred during the cross-examination of appellant. Specifically, the prosecutor asked appellant if Tami had cried on the night in question and whether she had asked appellant to “please stop.” Appellant failed to object to these questions and, thus, his arguments have been waived. Further, we find that the prosecutor's questions were not improper. Appellant testified on direct examination that Tami had hit him, yelled at him, and had thrown rocks at him. Appellant portrayed Tami as the initial aggressor. Appellant claimed that he had acted merely to defend himself from Tami, and that he had attempted to calm Tami down. However, given Tami's defensive injuries, the fact of her resistance was clear. The prosecutor's questions whether Tami had cried and had asked appellant to “please stop” were relevant to the circumstances surrounding her death.

The third instance of alleged misconduct occurred when the prosecutor asked appellant during cross-examination whether appellant had given any thought to Tami, her family, or her friends while burying the body at the crime scene. We find that the prosecutor's question was improper and that it was completely irrelevant to the issue of appellant's guilt or innocence. However, defense counsel immediately objected to the inquiry, and the jury was promptly instructed to disregard the question. We presume that the jury followed the trial court's instruction in this regard. Moreover, it is clear to us that this comment by the prosecutor did not operate to deny appellant a fair trial.

The fourth instance of alleged misconduct occurred when the prosecutor commented during final closing arguments in the guilt phase that, unlike appellant, Tami did not have the opportunity to testify. The trial court sustained an objection to the prosecutor's comment. Although the prosecutor's comment was improper, it tended to state a rather obvious fact of which everyone was already aware. No prejudicial error resulted from this remark by the prosecutor.

We find that the foregoing instances of alleged misconduct, taken singly or together, did not substantially prejudice appellant or deny him a fair trial. Indeed, we are in total agreement with the court of appeals that “[g]iven the insubstantial nature of the errors, the corrective actions of the court, and the weight of the evidence against appellant, it is clear beyond a reasonable doubt that the prosecutor's behavior did not have an effect on the outcome of the trial.” Accordingly, appellant's ninth proposition of law is not persuasive.

X

In his eleventh proposition of law, appellant claims that the trial court erred in instructing the jury that the jury's sentencing decision in the penalty phase was a “recommendation.” Appellant also argues that certain remarks by the prosecutor concerning the jury's role in the sentencing process constitute reversible error. However, the argument appellant now raises has been considered and rejected by this court under analogous circumstances on a number of previous occasions. See, e.g., State v. Woodard (1993), 68 Ohio St.3d 70, 77, 623 N.E.2d 75, 80-81, and State v. Phillips (1995), 74 Ohio St.3d 72, 101, 656 N.E.2d 643, 669. As appellant presents no compelling argument why we should now change our position on this issue, we reject appellant's eleventh proposition of law.

XI

In his tenth proposition of law, appellant contends that he was deprived of the effective assistance of trial counsel. Appellant claims that counsel was deficient for failing to object to the alleged errors that are the subject of his first, third and eleventh propositions of law. However, with respect to these propositions of law, we have found either no error or no prejudicial error. Thus, we find that appellant has failed to meet his burden of establishing ineffective assistance of counsel under the standards set forth in Strickland v. Washington (1984), 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674. Accordingly, we reject appellant's tenth proposition of law.

XII

In his twelfth proposition of law, appellant argues that Ohio's death penalty scheme is unconstitutional. We have held, time and again, that Ohio's death penalty scheme is constitutional. As appellant presents us with no compelling argument why we should now find Ohio's death penalty statute to be unconstitutional, we reject appellant's twelfth proposition of law.

XIII

Having considered the propositions of law, we must now independently review the death penalty for appropriateness and proportionality. Again, we find that the two specifications of aggravating circumstances appellant was found guilty of committing were proven beyond a reasonable doubt.

In mitigation, appellant presented the testimony of his mother, grandmother, and two sisters. These witnesses testified concerning the difficult circumstances surrounding appellant's childhood. Testimony established that throughout appellant's childhood, Pete Biros, appellant's father, was a domineering and tyrannical man who treated his family as property. Pete Biros belittled and berated his wife and children, showed them little or no affection, and isolated them from family and friends. He was an extremely jealous man who frequently accused Jo Anne Biros, appellant's mother, of infidelity, and oftentimes threatened to kill her and to commit suicide. Pete Biros died in October 1983 from cirrhosis of the liver. Despite being raised in a household with Pete Biros, appellant and his sisters, along with Jo Anne Biros, worked steadily and succeeded in eventually graduating from college. Appellant's family members testified that appellant is a helpful, caring, and conscientious individual with a “good heart.”

Dr. James Eisenberg, a psychologist, testified in mitigation. Eisenberg first interviewed appellant in March 1991. Between that time and the time of the mitigation hearing, Eisenberg interviewed appellant on several occasions, performed psychological testing, reviewed appellant's records, and interviewed members of appellant's family. Eisenberg noted that appellant had come from an “extremely dysfunctional family,” and believed that appellant's relationship with his father had significantly affected his life and personality. Eisenberg testified that while appellant was gutting and dismembering Tami's body, appellant was mentally reenacting scenes from when he hunted deer with his father and would have to slaughter the kill while being told that he was worthless and incompetent. Eisenberg diagnosed appellant as suffering from a “schizoid personality disorder,” and from lifelong alcohol dependence and neurotic depression. Eisenberg also testified that appellant had graduated from college after having worked toward obtaining a degree for thirteen years. According to Eisenberg, this indicates that appellant has been able to persevere despite the trying circumstances of his youth. Further, Eisenberg noted that appellant had been employed throughout most of his adult life, that appellant had no significant history of prior criminal convictions, and that between February 1991 and the time of trial, appellant had no reported problems in the Trumbull County Jail. Prior to the offenses in the case at bar, appellant's only known criminal history consisted of one arrest for theft in 1977 and a 1986 conviction for either driving under the influence of alcohol or for reckless operation of a motor vehicle. Eisenberg testified that appellant was not insane at the time of trial or at the time of the killing.

On cross-examination, Eisenberg testified that appellant knows the difference between right and wrong. Eisenberg also testified that, in his opinion, the mitigating factor set forth in R.C. 2929.04(B)(3) is inapplicable in this case. Therefore, Eisenberg admitted that, at the time of the killing, appellant's psychological conditions did not rise to the level of a mental disease or defect that deprived appellant of a substantial capacity to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform to the requirements of law.

Finally, appellant gave an unsworn statement in which he admitted responsibility for the death of Tami Engstrom “and what happened afterwards.” Appellant apologized to the victim's family and to his own family for what he had done.

Upon a review of the evidence presented in mitigation, it is clear to us that appellant had a troubled childhood. We find that appellant's troubled childhood, history, and family background are entitled to some, but very little, weight in mitigation. The nature and circumstances of the offense reveal nothing of any mitigating value. The R.C. 2929.04(B)(1) and (2) mitigating factors are inapplicable on the record before us, since there exists no credible evidence that the victim induced or facilitated the murder (R.C. 2929.04[B][1] ), and there exists no credible evidence that appellant acted under duress, coercion, or strong provocation (R.C. 2929.04[B][2] ). Further, the R.C. 2929.04(B)(6) mitigating factor is inapplicable, since appellant was the principal and only offender.

The R.C. 2929.04(B)(3) mitigating factor was not established by a preponderance of the evidence. Nevertheless, we find that appellant's personality disorder, lifelong alcohol dependence, and depression, as testified to by Dr. Eisenberg, are collectively entitled to some, but very little, weight in mitigation.

We have considered the R.C. 2929.04(B)(4) mitigating factor (youth of the offender), but find that this factor is entitled to no weight in mitigation. Appellant was thirty-two years of age at the time of the offense.

The record is clear that appellant lacks a significant history of prior criminal convictions and delinquency adjudications. We find that this R.C. 2929.04(B)(5) mitigating factor is entitled to some weight in mitigation. Additionally, we find that the evidence of appellant's steady work record and his achievement in obtaining a college degree after thirteen years of effort is entitled to some, but very minimal, weight in mitigation. We assign little or no weight to appellant's unsworn statement wherein he apologized to the victim's family and to his own family and accepted responsibility for the death of Tami Engstrom.

We have also considered whether this appellant might be capable of long-term rehabilitation and ultimate reintegration into society after lengthy incarceration, given his favorable work record, his college degree, and his lack of a significant prior criminal history. However, the acts of sheer inhumanity demonstrated by this appellant in the nature and circumstances of the offense convince us that he is incapable of any meaningful rehabilitation. Additionally, we have considered Eisenberg's testimony that appellant did well in a controlled institutionalized setting between the time of his arrest and the time of trial. We assign this evidence little or no weight in mitigation.

Weighing the evidence presented in mitigation against the two R.C. 2929.04(A)(7) specifications of aggravating circumstances of which appellant was found guilty, we find that the aggravating circumstances easily outweigh the mitigating factors beyond a reasonable doubt. Indeed, even if, as appellant suggests, there existed insufficient evidence to support a finding that the murder occurred while appellant was committing or while fleeing immediately after committing aggravated robbery (a proposition we have specifically rejected but one that was accepted by the court of appeals), our conclusion would remain the same. The court of appeals held, and we agree, that the aggravating circumstance that the killing occurred while appellant was attempting to commit or while fleeing immediately after attempting to commit rape itself outweighs the mitigating factors beyond a reasonable doubt.

Finally, we have undertaken a comparison of the sentence imposed in this case to those in which we have previously affirmed the death penalty. We have previously upheld the death sentence in cases involving murder during the course of an aggravated robbery (see, e.g., State v. Berry [1995], 72 Ohio St.3d 354, 650 N.E.2d 433; Woodard, 68 Ohio St.3d 70, 623 N.E.2d 75; State v. Hawkins [1993], 66 Ohio St.3d 339, 612 N.E.2d 1227; and State v. Montgomery [1991], 61 Ohio St.3d 410, 575 N.E.2d 167), in cases involving murder during the commission of an attempted rape (see, e.g., Scudder, 71 Ohio St.3d 263, 643 N.E.2d 524), and in cases involving murder during the commission of an aggravated robbery and rape (see, e.g., Smith, 61 Ohio St.3d 284, 574 N.E.2d 510). Appellant's death sentence is neither excessive nor disproportionate in comparison.

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the court of appeals in part and reverse it in part. Specifically, we affirm appellant's convictions and sentences, including the death sentence, but reverse the judgment of the court of appeals on the issues raised in the cross-appeal.

Judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part.

MOYER, C.J., and RESNICK, FRANCIS E. SWEENEY, Sr., PFEIFER, COOK and LUNDBERG STRATTON, JJ., concur.

Biros v. Bagley, 422 F.3d 379 (6th Cir. 2005). (Habeas)

Background: Following affirmance on direct appeal of petitioner's state court convictions for murder, aggravated robbery, and attempted rape, and his death sentence, 78 Ohio St.3d 426, 678 N.E.2d 891, he filed petition for writ of habeas corpus. The United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio, Dan A. Polster, J., partially granted the petition, with respect to the death sentence. The state appealed, and petitioner cross-appealed with respect to the claims challenging his convictions.

Holdings: The Court of Appeals, Gibbons, Circuit Judge, held that: (1) claim of defective indictment was procedurally defaulted, barring habeas review; (2) failure of indictment charging capital murder to specifically allege that petitioner was the principal offender was harmless error; (3) petitioner was not “in custody,” for Miranda purposes, at the time he made incriminating statements to investigating police officer; (4) prosecutor's exercise of peremptory challenges to exclude two potential jurors who expressed a hesitation to impose the death penalty did not deprive petitioner of fair trial; (5) admission of gruesome photographs depicting victim's body did not deprive petitioner of fair trial; and (6) evidence was sufficient to support conviction for aggravated robbery. Reversed.

GIBBONS, Circuit Judge.

An Ohio state jury convicted Kenneth Biros of aggravated murder with two death penalty specifications, felonious sexual penetration, aggravated robbery, and attempted rape. The trial court followed the jury's recommendation and sentenced Biros to death. His convictions and sentence were affirmed on direct appeal, State v. Biros, 78 Ohio St.3d 426, 678 N.E.2d 891 (1997), and he unsuccessfully sought post-conviction relief in state court, State v. Biros, No. 98-T-0051, 1999 WL 391090 (Ohio Ct.App. May 28, 1999). Biros later filed an application to reopen his appeal, which the Ohio Supreme Court denied on the merits. State v. Biros, 93 Ohio St.3d 250, 754 N.E.2d 805 (2001).

In September 2001, Biros filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus in federal district court, alleging twenty-five claims of error. The district court granted the writ as to his sentence of death and denied the writ as to his remaining claims. Margaret Bagley, a warden for the State of Ohio, appeals the district court's judgment and order granting a partial writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 vacating Biros's death sentence. Biros cross-appeals from the district court's denial of his petition as to the claims challenging his underlying convictions. For the reasons set forth below, we reverse in part and affirm in part.

I.

In 1991, an Ohio state jury convicted Biros of the aggravated murder (with two death penalty specifications), felonious sexual penetration, aggravated robbery, and attempted rape of Tami Engstrom. Engstrom left work early due to illness on the night of February 7, 1991, and drove from Hubbard, Ohio, to the Nickelodeon Lounge in Masury, Ohio, to visit her uncle, Daniel Hivner. Engstrom consumed several alcoholic drinks at the Nickelodeon. Petitioner, Kenneth Biros, arrived at the Nickelodeon around 11:00 p.m., approximately one hour after Engstrom's arrival. Biros knew Hivner but had never met Engstrom. By midnight Engstrom had passed out at the Nickelodeon. At approximately 1:00 a.m., Hivner and Biros assisted Engstrom in moving from the bar to the parking lot. Once outside, Engstrom insisted on driving herself home, but Hivner determined that she was too intoxicated to drive and took her keys away from her. According to Hivner, it was at this point that Biros offered to take Engstrom for coffee in order to counteract the effects of the alcohol. Biros and Engstrom left the Nickelodeon parking lot at approximately 1:15 a.m. in Biros's car. Hivner waited at the bar past closing time for Biros to return with Engstrom, but Biros never returned.

The following day Andy Engstrom, Tami Engstrom's husband, drove to Biros's home after learning that Engstrom was last seen with Biros. Biros claimed that he tapped Engstrom on the shoulder while they were in the car and she “freaked out, got out of the car and started running through these people's yards on Davis Street” in Sharon, Pennsylvania. Biros told similar stories to several other people on February 8.FN1 Several of the individuals Biros spoke to observed cuts and scratches on Biros's hands and a fresh wound over his right eye. Biros explained that he injured his hands when he locked himself out of his house and had to break a window and cut his eye while chopping wood. Biros assisted Engstrom's relatives in searching for her in the area where he claimed to have last seen her.

FN1. Specifically, Biros told Engstrom's mother, her brother, her uncles, and her friends, acquaintances, and others, that after he and Engstrom left the Nickelodeon, she woke up, became frightened, jumped from the vehicle, and ran between houses on Davis Street in Sharon, Pennsylvania. Biros also told several people that he initially chased Engstrom on foot, but abandoned the chase to avoid being caught operating a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol.

Biros lived in Brookfield Township, Ohio, with his mother and brother. On the morning of February 8, Biros's mother found a gold ring on the bathroom floor of their home. Biros first told his mother that he knew nothing about the ring when she questioned him, but later said that it might belong to the woman who jumped out of his car early that morning. Biros then took the ring and told his mother he would return it to the Nickelodeon. Rather than returning the ring to the bar, Biros hid it in the ceiling of his house.

On February 9, police officers called Biros's home and left a message requesting that he come to the police station for questioning. Upon hearing the message, Biros drove to the police station to discuss Engstrom's disappearance with Brookfield Township, Ohio, and Sharon, Pennsylvania, police officers. The officers informed Biros that he was not under arrest and was free to leave at any time. Biros repeated the same story that he had previously told Engstrom's family and friends. Specifically, Biros told police that he left the Nickelodeon with Engstrom early in the morning on February 8 to get coffee and food in Sharon, Pennsylvania. Biros claimed that Engstrom passed out in his car, but later woke up while Biros was withdrawing money from an automated teller machine. According to Biros, Engstrom insisted that he drive her back to the Nickelodeon. Biros told police that as he was driving on Davis Street in Sharon, Pennsylvania, Engstrom jumped from the vehicle and ran away. When asked whether Engstrom might have left her purse in his vehicle, Biros responded that he had cleaned the vehicle and found no purse.

During the interview, Captain John Klaric began to question Biros's account of the events leading up to Engstrom's disappearance. Klaric suggested that perhaps Biros had made a sexual advance toward Engstrom, which might have caused her to flee from the vehicle. Biros denied making any sexual advances. Klaric also suggested that perhaps Biros had made a sexual advance and Engstrom jumped from the vehicle and struck her head. Biros also denied this hypothesis. After further questioning, Klaric suggested that maybe an accident had occurred during which Engstrom fell out of the car and struck her head. It was at this point that Biros responded “yes,” and admitted that he had done something “very bad.” Klaric offered to speak to Biros alone and Biros agreed. According to Klaric, after the other police officers left the room, Biros told him, “It's like you said, we were in the car together. We were out along the railroad tracks. I touched her on the hand. Then I went further. I either touched or felt her leg. She pushed my hand away. The car wasn't quite stopped. She opened the door and fell and struck her head on the tracks.” Biros told Klaric that Engstrom was dead and that the incident occurred along the railroad tracks near King Graves Road in Brookfield Township. At that point, police informed Biros of his Miranda rights. See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966).

Biros signed a written waiver of his Miranda rights and then repeated his story to Detective Rocky Fonce of the Brookfield Township Police Department. Biros told police that Engstrom's body was in Pennsylvania. When police requested that Biros give them an exact location, Biros asked to speak to an attorney. After consulting with an attorney, Biros agreed to show police the location of Engstrom's body.

Ohio authorities discovered several of Engstrom's severed body parts in a desolate wooded area of Butler County, Pennsylvania on February 10. Police found other portions of Engstrom's body in a desolate wooded area of Venango County, Pennsylvania, approximately thirty miles north of the Butler County site. Engstrom's head and right breast had been severed from her torso. Her right leg had been amputated above the knee. The body was completely naked except for what appeared to be remnants of black leg stockings that had been purposely rolled down to Engstrom's feet or ankles. The torso had been cut open and the abdominal cavity was partially eviscerated. The anus, rectum, and all but a small portion of her sexual organs had been removed and were never recovered by the police.

Forensic technicians and law enforcement investigators searched the area of the railroad tracks where Biros had indicated that the incident with Engstrom occurred. The investigators discovered a large area of bloodstained gravel near the tracks, blood spatters on the side of one of the steel tracks, and numerous other bloodstains in the same general area. Bloodstains and swabbings of blood collected at the scene were tested and found to be consistent with Engstrom's blood. Investigators also found what appeared to be part of Engstrom's intestines in a swampy area near the railroad tracks. DNA testing confirmed that the intestines recovered were part of Engstrom's remains. Approximately one month later, investigators found Engstrom's black leather coat partially buried near the tracks. There were two cuts or slash marks on or near the collar of the coat. Engstrom's house keys and a tube of lipstick were also found in a shallow hole near the coat. One of Engstrom's black leather shoes was also found in the area near the tracks.

A number of items were also recovered by police during a search of Biros's house including a bloodstained pocket knife, another, much larger knife, a bloodstained coat later identified as the coat Biros wore to the Nickelodeon, and a pair of size eleven tennis shoes. The bloodstains from Biros's pocket knife and coat were tested and found to be consistent with Engstrom's blood. Additionally, a hair found embedded in a seam near the tread of one of the tennis shoes was tested and found to be consistent with known samples of hair from the victim's head. The police also searched the car Biros drove to the Brookfield Township Police Department. Forensic technicians identified several bloodstains in the car, some were consistent with Engstrom's blood and others were consistent with Biros's blood. A small piece of tissue, believed to be from Engstrom's liver, was found in the trunk of the car.

An autopsy of Engstrom's body revealed that she suffered ninety-one premortem injuries indicative of a “severe beating” and “an attempt at sexual mutilation” and five stab wounds which were inflicted immediately after Engstom's death. In addition to these wounds, Engstrom's head, right breast, and right lower extremity had been severed from her body at some point following her death. Her anus, rectum, urinary bladder, and virtually all of her sexual organs had been removed and were never found. Her gallbladder, the right lobe of her liver, and portions of the bowels were also extracted from her body. The coroner found no evidence that Engstrom had been struck by an automobile as Biros claimed and concluded that Engstrom had died of asphyxia due to strangulation.

The Trumbull County Grand Jury issued a five-count indictment against Biros on February 14, 1991, charging him with aggravated murder with two specifications of aggravating circumstances (count 1), felonious sexual penetration (count 2), abuse of corpse (count 3), aggravated robbery (count 4), and attempted rape (count 5). Biros pleaded not guilty to all charges and specifications. The State of Ohio dismissed the abuse of corpse charge prior to trial. A jury convicted on the remaining four counts and recommended that Biros be sentenced to death on the capital charge. The trial court filed a written opinion concluding that the aggravating circumstances outweighed the mitigating factors and sentenced Biros to death.

Biros timely appealed his conviction and death sentence to the Ohio Court of Appeals, Eleventh District, and to the Ohio Supreme Court. Biros, 678 N.E.2d at 901. His convictions and sentence were affirmed on direct appeal. Biros next unsuccessfully sought post-conviction relief in state court. Biros, 1999 WL 391090, at *10. He later filed an application to reopen his appeal from his convictions under Ohio Rule of Appellate Procedure 26(B). The Supreme Court of Ohio denied the application on the merits. Biros, 754 N.E.2d at 807.

In September 2001, Biros filed his petition for a writ of habeas corpus in federal district court, which granted the writ as to his sentence of death and denied the writ as to his remaining claims. Bagley filed a timely notice of appeal from the district court's decision to vacate Biros's death sentence. Biros filed a timely notice of cross-appeal from the district court's decision to deny the remainder of his petition.

II.

Because Biros filed his petition after April 24, 1996, it is subject to the requirements of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”). Campbell v. Coyle, 260 F.3d 531, 538-39 (6th Cir.2001). Accordingly, this court reviews the district court's legal conclusions de novo and its factual findings for clear error. Moss v. Hofbauer, 286 F.3d 851, 858 (6th Cir.2002). Here, however, the district court made no independent determination of fact, so its factual findings are also reviewed de novo. Bugh v. Mitchell, 329 F.3d 496, 500 (6th Cir.2003).

Under the AEDPA, a writ may not be granted unless the state court's adjudication of the claim: (1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or (2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). A state court renders an adjudication “contrary to” federal law when it “arrives at a conclusion opposite to that reached by [the Supreme] Court on a question of law” or “decides a case differently than [the Supreme] Court has on a set of materially indistinguishable facts.” Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 412-13, 120 S.Ct. 1495, 146 L.Ed.2d 389 (2000). A state court renders an “unreasonable application” of federal law when it “identifies the correct governing legal principle from [the Supreme] Court's decisions but unreasonably applies that principle to the facts of the prisoner's case.” Id. at 413, 120 S.Ct. 1495. Claims involving a mixed question of law and fact are reviewed under the “unreasonable application” prong of 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1). See Lancaster v. Adams, 324 F.3d 423, 429 (6th Cir.2003) (citing Harpster v. Ohio, 128 F.3d 322, 327 (6th Cir.1997)). Factual findings made by the state court, or by state appellate courts based upon the trial record, are presumed to be correct but may be rebutted by clear and convincing evidence. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1); Bugh, 329 F.3d at 500-01.

III.

Bagley contends that the district court improperly granted the writ as to Biros's claim of an insufficient indictment. As his first ground for habeas relief, Biros asserted that the prosecution's indictment against him was insufficient to sustain a capital charge because the two death penalty specifications did not contain language indicating whether he was the principal offender or whether he committed the offense with prior calculation and design, as mandated in Ohio Rev.Code Ann. § 2929.04(A)(7). Biros also argued that the jury instructions lacked the requisite language to support a capital conviction, meaning that the jury did not find each element of the capital offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Bagley argues that Biros's claim was procedurally defaulted because Biros challenged the indictment for the first time on direct appeal rather than entering an objection at trial. The district court held that this claim was procedurally defaulted, but nevertheless granted habeas relief based on this court's holding in Esparza v. Mitchell, 310 F.3d 414, 421 (6th Cir.2002), which affirmed the issuance of a writ because the indictment against the defendant did not indicate whether he acted as the principal offender or whether he committed the offense with prior calculation and design. See Ohio Rev.Code Ann. § 2929.04(A)(7). The district court also noted that the Esparza decision held that review of this claim was not subject to harmless error analysis.

Federal habeas review is precluded where a state court does not address a petitioner's federal claims because the petitioner has failed to meet a state procedural requirement that is independent of the federal question and adequate to support the judgment. Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 729-30, 111 S.Ct. 2546, 115 L.Ed.2d 640 (1991). To determine whether a petitioner has procedurally defaulted a claim for the purpose of federal habeas review, a federal court must consider: (1) whether there is a procedural rule applicable to the petitioner's claim and whether the petitioner failed to follow this rule; (2) whether the state courts actually enforced the state procedural rule; and (3) whether the state procedural rule is an adequate and independent state ground to foreclose relief. Monzo v. Edwards, 281 F.3d 568, 575-76 (6th Cir.2002). The adequacy of a state procedural bar turns on whether it is firmly established and regularly followed; a state rule is independent if the state court actually relies on it to preclude a merits review. Abela v. Martin, 380 F.3d 915, 921 (6th Cir.2004) (citation omitted). If the previous three questions are answered affirmatively, then the federal court must consider whether the petitioner has established cause for his failure to follow the rule and prejudice resulting from the alleged constitutional error. Monzo, 281 F.3d at 576.

Biros's claim is procedurally defaulted. On direct appeal, the Ohio Supreme Court determined that Biros raised no objection concerning the sufficiency of the indictment at trial. Biros, 678 N.E.2d at 901. The Ohio Supreme Court held that Biros's “failure to timely object to the allegedly defective indictment constitutes a waiver of the issues involved.” Id. at 901-902 (citing State v. Joseph, 73 Ohio St.3d 450, 653 N.E.2d 285, 291 (1995)). Thus the state supreme court reviewed the claim for plain error and rejected it, concluding that “the indictment clearly provided appellant with adequate notice of the death penalty specifications with which he was being charged.” Id. at 903. This court has held that Ohio's contemporaneous objection rule constitutes an adequate and independent state ground barring federal habeas review and that the application of plain error review constitutes enforcement of the rule. See Hinkle v. Randle, 271 F.3d 239, 244 (6th Cir.2001).

Biros contends that the contemporaneous objection rule was neither firmly established nor regularly followed, as the Joseph decision, upon which the Ohio Supreme Court relied for its holding that Biros waived his challenge to the indictment, post-dated Biros's trial by four years. However, Joseph cites State v. Williams, 51 Ohio St.2d 112, 364 N.E.2d 1364 (1977) in support of its holding. Williams, which held that “an appellate court need not consider an error which a party complaining of the trial court's judgment could have called, but did not call, to the trial court's attention at a time when such error could have been avoided or corrected by the trial court,” see id. at 1367, pre-dates Biros's trial by nearly fourteen years and incorporates the contemporaneous objection rule as set forth in Ohio Rule of Criminal Procedure 30. See Engle v. Isaac, 456 U.S. 107, 124-25, 102 S.Ct. 1558, 71 L.Ed.2d 783 (1982). Any other rule would create an incentive for defendants to postpone challenging a faulty indictment until after trial.

Despite the fact that this claim was procedurally defaulted, the district court addressed the merits and granted the writ as to this claim. The district court reasoned that this court's Esparza opinion concluded that the type of error about which Biros complained is a structural defect and not subject to dismissal on procedural grounds. The district court also observed that this court held that harmless error analysis was not proper for the claim in Esparza. In Esparza, this court explained that “[n]one of the seminal Supreme Court Eighth Amendment cases requiring the narrowing of the class of defendants eligible for the death penalty permits the offender to be executed because the error was deemed harmless.” Esparza, 310 F.3d at 421.

The Supreme Court reversed this court's holding in Esparza, finding that the Sixth Circuit exceeded its authority under § 2254(d)(1) “[i]n relying on the absence of precedent to distinguish our non-capital cases, and to hold that harmless-error review is not available for this type of Eighth Amendment claim.” Mitchell v. Esparza, 540 U.S. 12, 17, 124 S.Ct. 7, 157 L.Ed.2d 263 (2003). The Supreme Court further stated that, “[a] federal court may not overrule a state court for simply holding a view different from its own, when the precedent from this Court is, at best, ambiguous.” Id. at 17, 124 S.Ct. 7. Ultimately the Court found that [t]he Ohio Supreme Court has defined a “ ‘principal offender’ ” as “ ‘the actual killer,’ ” State v. Chinn, 85 Ohio St.3d 548, 709 N.E.2d 1166, 1177 (1999), and in this case, the jury was instructed on the elements of aggravated murder, “ ‘defined as purposely causing the death of another while committing Aggravated Robbery,’ ” 310 F.3d at 432 (Suhrheinrich, J., dissenting).... In light of these instructions, the jury verdict would surely have been the same had it been instructed to find as well that the respondent was a “principal” in the offense. After all, he was the only defendant charged in the indictment. There was no evidence presented that anyone other than respondent was involved in the crime or present at the store.... Under these circumstances, we cannot say that the state court's conclusion that respondent was convicted of a capital offense was objectively unreasonable. That being the case, we may not set aside its decision on habeas review. Id. at 18-19, 124 S.Ct. 7 (parallel citations and footnote omitted). Additionally, the Court held that harmless error review can apply to Eighth Amendment claims based upon “the trial court's failure to instruct a jury on all of the statutory elements of an offense.” Id. at 16, 124 S.Ct. 7. The Court distinguished between an omitted instruction that would cast doubt upon all of a jury's findings, thereby voiding the conviction, and an omitted instruction that precluded the jury from determining only one element of an offense that would be subject to harmless error analysis, implicitly determining that Esparza's situation fell into the latter category. Id. at 16-17, 124 S.Ct. 7. Moreover, the Court concluded that the state court's harmless error review was not objectively unreasonable under AEDPA, as the defendant's capital conviction would have been the same had the indictment and jury instructions contained the “principal offender” language because “[t]here was no evidence presented that anyone other than [the defendant] was involved in the crime.” Id. at 18, 124 S.Ct. 7.

Biros's claim calls for a similar conclusion. To determine harmfulness the court must ask, “whether the error ‘had substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury's verdict.’ ” Coe v. Bell, 161 F.3d 320, 335 (6th Cir.1998) (quoting Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 623, 113 S.Ct. 1710, 123 L.Ed.2d 353 (1993)). It is clear that the erroneous indictment and jury instructions at issue in the present case had no such effect or influence on the jury's verdict. The district court opinion states that: “if a harmless error standard of review was applied to this habeas claim, the Court would be constrained to rule differently since there is absolutely no question that Biros, who admitted killing Tami Engstrom, albeit accidentally, acted alone.” Based on the foregoing, we reverse the grant of the writ as to Biros's sentence.

IV.

Biros raises four issues on cross-appeal: whether his statements to the police should have been suppressed, whether the prosecution's use of peremptory challenges to remove prospective jurors who expressed hesitation about the death penalty denied him a fair trial, whether the admission of cumulative and gruesome photographs denied him a fair trial, and whether sufficient evidence supports his conviction for aggravated robbery.

A.

Biros contends that he was denied his right against self-incrimination and a fundamentally fair trial because the trial court failed to suppress statements he made during a police interview as a prime suspect in police custody and without being given Miranda warnings. The Ohio Supreme Court concluded that the factual circumstances did not indicate that Biros was in custody for Miranda purposes and rejected the claim on the merits. Biros, 678 N.E.2d at 905. The district court held that the state court's determination was not an unreasonable application of Supreme Court precedent.

Miranda warnings are required where a suspect is “in custody,” which occurs when “there has been a ‘formal arrest or restraint on freedom of movement.’ ” Mason v. Mitchell, 320 F.3d 604, 631 (6th Cir.2003) (quoting Oregon v. Mathiason, 429 U.S. 492, 495, 97 S.Ct. 711, 50 L.Ed.2d 714 (1977)). A reviewing court determines whether or not a defendant is in custody by considering “the objective circumstances of the interrogation,” rather than “the subjective views harbored by either the interrogating officers or the person being questioned.” Id. (quoting Stansbury v. California, 511 U.S. 318, 323, 114 S.Ct. 1526, 128 L.Ed.2d 293 (1994)). Instead of focusing upon where the questioning occurred or if the individual is a suspect, the determination must be concerned with “how a reasonable man in the suspect's position would have understood his situation.” Id. (quoting Berkemer v. McCarty, 468 U.S. 420, 442, 104 S.Ct. 3138, 82 L.Ed.2d 317 (1984)). Whether a defendant is “in custody” is a mixed question of law and fact and therefore is subject to de novo review. United States v. Salvo, 133 F.3d 943, 948 (6th Cir.1998) (citing Thompson v. Keohane, 516 U.S. 99, 102, 116 S.Ct. 457, 133 L.Ed.2d 383 (1995)).

The district court properly concluded that the Ohio Supreme Court's application of clearly established Supreme Court precedent was not unreasonable. Officer Frank Murphy left a message on Biros's telephone answering machine indicating that investigators would like to interview him concerning Engstrom's disappearance. He asked Biros to visit the police station, which Biros did. On his way to the police station, a police officer passed Biros on the road, stopped Biros, and told him that the police wanted to speak with him. The officer then continued on his patrol, and Biros proceeded to the police station, arriving alone at 5:35 p.m. When Biros entered the station, Officer Rocky Fonce accompanied him to an interrogation room, which was approximately six feet by nine feet and contained a desk, a cabinet, a few chairs, a blood alcohol content analyzer, and a video camera. The interrogation room's door was left open. The police gave no indication that Biros was under arrest or not free to leave. Biros's freedom was not limited and his movements were not restrained. Biros was not told that he was under arrest or that he could not leave. In fact, at some point during Biros's thirty-five minute conversation with Officer John Klaric, Klaric told Biros that he was free to leave and was not required to answer questions. After Biros told Klaric and Fonce that Engstrom had died while running from his car after he made sexual advances toward her, Biros was given Miranda warnings because the information provided during the interview justified Biros's arrest.

In light of the trial record, the district court properly held that the state court's decision was not an unreasonable application of Supreme Court precedent. The location of the interview in the police station or that Biros was a suspect does not, without more, suggest that Miranda warnings were required. See California v. Beheler, 463 U.S. 1121, 1125, 103 S.Ct. 3517, 77 L.Ed.2d 1275 (1983). Biros traveled voluntarily to the station for the interview. Additionally, Biros remained unrestrained throughout the interview. The police did not place him under arrest or otherwise indicate that he was not free to leave. Indeed, he was affirmatively told that he was free to leave and was not required to answer questions.

B.

Biros also contends that the prosecution violated Witherspoon v. Illinois, 391 U.S. 510, 88 S.Ct. 1770, 20 L.Ed.2d 776 (1968), by improperly using its peremptory challenges to exclude two jurors, Malcolm May and Gary Rodgers, who had expressed opposition to the death penalty during voir dire. The Ohio Supreme Court held that peremptory challenges can be used to exclude a juror for any reason, except for race or gender, and rejected this claim. Biros, 678 N.E.2d at 906 (citing State v. Ballew, 76 Ohio St.3d 244, 667 N.E.2d 369, 379 (1996)). The district court determined that the state court's decision was not an unreasonable application of Supreme Court precedent.

The district court's determination was proper. “[A] juror may not be excluded merely ‘because they voiced general objections to the death penalty or expressed conscientious or religious scruples against its infliction.’ ” Byrd v. Collins, 209 F.3d 486, 530 (6th Cir.2000) (quoting Witherspoon, 391 U.S. at 522, 88 S.Ct. 1770). This court has recently explained, however, that Witherspoon cannot support a claim challenging the exercise of peremptory challenges because “ Witherspoon dealt with the practice of excluding for cause jurors who expressed conscientious or religious scruples against capital punishment.” Dennis v. Mitchell, 354 F.3d 511, 526 (6th Cir.2003). Instead, “peremptory challenges may be used for any reason so long as they are not based on immutable characteristics like race and sex.” Id. at 525. Greater restrictions would frustrate the purpose of peremptory challenges, which enable each side to “exclude those jurors it believes will be most partial toward the other side, ... thereby assuring the selection of a qualified and unbiased jury.” Id. at 525-26 (quoting Holland v. Illinois, 493 U.S. 474, 483-84, 110 S.Ct. 803, 107 L.Ed.2d 905 (1990)) (internal quotation marks omitted).

Additionally, the trial record belies Biros's claim that the prosecution exercised its peremptory challenges to excuse May and Rodgers concerning their views on the death penalty. The prosecution informed the trial court that May was excused because he had difficulty accepting the use of circumstantial evidence at trial and understanding how a conviction can be supported without eyewitness evidence. Biros did not object to the prosecution's exercising a peremptory challenge for Rodgers. Notably, Rodgers stated at least three times during voir dire that he was not opposed to the death penalty and could impose it if warranted. The district court properly held that the state court's decision was not an unreasonable application of Supreme Court precedent.

C.

Biros argues that he was denied a fundamentally fair trial as the trial court improperly admitted three photographs-depicting Engstrom's severed head, her severed head held near her torso and severed breast, and her torso with the severed head and severed breast replaced on torso-that “did not assist the jury in revealing the victim's cause of death,” as the injuries occurred after Engstrom's death. The Supreme Court of Ohio rejected a more general claim challenging a larger group of photographs pursuant to Ohio Rules of Evidence 403 and 611(A), finding that the wounds depicted in the slides and photographs were probative of contested issues of intent, purpose, motive, and the cause, manner and circumstances of the victim's death. Although gruesome, the photographic evidence of the victim's body and body parts was highly probative, and the value of the evidence clearly outweighed the danger of unfair prejudice. Biros, 678 N.E.2d at 908. The district court again held that the state court's decision was not an unreasonable application of Supreme Court case precedent.

Generally, “[e]rrors by a state court in the admission of evidence are not cognizable in habeas proceedings unless they so perniciously affect the prosecution of a criminal case as to deny the defendant the fundamental right to a fair trial.” Roe v. Baker, 316 F.3d 557, 567 (6th Cir.2002) (citing Kelly v. Withrow, 25 F.3d 363, 370 (6th Cir.1994)). Here, the photographs were used to describe what happened to Engstrom after her death. As the Ohio Supreme Court noted, Biros asserted at trial that he accidentally killed Engstrom by placing his hand over her mouth, did not strike her with his fists, and mutilated her body in a “blind rage” with a pocket knife. Biros, 678 N.E.2d at 907. The court found, however, that the photographs were properly admitted as they demonstrated that Biros beat Engstrom rather severely and meticulously dissected her body with two different knives. Id.

Additionally, the state court acknowledged the trial court's efforts to limit the prejudicial impact of the photographs to Biros. Of the thirty-one slides reviewed in camera, the trial court admitted only nineteen. Id. at 908. The trial court also instructed the jury that “these photos are introduced in order to show you what has been described as premortem and postmortem injury. These photos are introduced for this purpose and this purpose only.” Id. The trial court's precautionary measures ensured that the introduction of the photographs would not deny Biros a fundamentally fair trial. The district court properly held that the state court did not unreasonably apply Supreme Court precedent.

D.

Finally, Biros contends that there was not sufficient evidence to support his conviction for aggravated robbery under Ohio Rev.Code Ann. §§ 2903.01 and 2929.04(A)(7), as he testified that he did not intend to steal a ring from Engstrom. The Supreme Court of Ohio rejected this claim on the merits, explaining that an individual killed just prior to being robbed need not be alive to be a victim of robbery and that “[a]ppellant's intent to steal need not have preceded the murder” for statutory purposes. Biros, 678 N.E.2d at 912. The district court determined that Biros did not demonstrate that the state court unreasonably applied Supreme Court precedent.

When considering a claim challenging the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a conviction, this court must “determine whether, after reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the government, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Martin v. Mitchell, 280 F.3d 594, 617 (6th Cir.2002) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 324, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979)).

To prove aggravated robbery, the prosecution must establish that the defendant committed or attempted to commit a theft offense while in possession of a deadly weapon or dangerous ordnance on or about his person or under his control, or inflict, or attempt to inflict serious physical harm on another. Ohio Rev.Code Ann. §§ 2911.01(A)(1)-(2). The Ohio Supreme Court determined that the prosecution presented sufficient evidence of aggravated robbery, explaining:

Evidence was presented which, if accepted, clearly shows that appellant beat Tami, attempted to rape her, and strangled her to death. Appellant's testimony was that he began cutting Tami's body after he killed her, took her ring as he was dragging the body away, severed the head and leg, and then buried Tami's body parts. Thus, even by appellant's own testimony, his theft of the ring was associated with the killing as part of one continuous occurrence. Appellant cannot escape the felony-murder rule by claiming that the aggravated robbery was simply an afterthought. “[T]he victim of robbery, killed just prior to the robber's carrying off her property, is nonetheless the victim of aggravated robbery. The victim need not be alive at the time of the asportation.” State v. Smith, ... 61 Ohio St.3d 284, 574 N.E.2d 510, 516 [ (Ohio 1991) ]. Appellant's intent to steal need not have preceded the murder for purposes of [Ohio Revised Code §§ ] 2903.01(B) and 2929.04(A)(7). [ State v.] Williams, [ (1996) ], ... 74 Ohio St.3d 569, 660 N.E.2d 724. Biros, 678 N.E.2d at 912. The district court properly determined that the state court did not unreasonably apply Supreme Court precedent to this claim.

V.