Robert Dewey Glock II is a Florida prison inmate. In 1983, a jury convicted him, along with his codefendant Carl Puiatti, of one count each of first degree murder, kidnapping, and robbery. The jury recommended that both Glock and Puiatti receive the death penalty for the murder; the trial court accepted the jury's recommendations and sentenced the defendants accordingly. After failing to obtain relief through a direct appeal and state collateral attacks, Glock filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. Sec. 2254 (1988), seeking the vacation of both his murder conviction and his death sentence.

The district court dismissed Glock's petition, concluding that, on its face, the petition failed to state a valid claim for relief, 752 F.Supp. 1027. Glock appeals. Finding no merit in Glock's attack on his murder conviction, we affirm the district court's refusal to disturb that conviction. Glock's death sentence must be set aside, however, because the trial court, at the conclusion of the sentencing phase of Glock's trial, failed to provide the jury with an adequate instruction regarding the "heinous, atrocious, or cruel" aggravating circumstance that was relied upon by the State as a ground for seeking the death penalty. We therefore direct the district court to issue the writ with respect to Glock's death sentence.

On the morning of August 16, 1983, Glock and Puiatti confronted a woman as she attempted to exit her vehicle at a shopping mall in Bradenton, Florida, forcing her back inside her car at gunpoint. As Puiatti drove from the mall, Glock took fifty dollars from the victim's purse. Glock and Puiatti then coerced the victim into cashing a $100 check at her bank.

With the proceeds of the check in hand, the pair drove the victim across South Florida, eventually arriving at an orange grove outside Dade County where they took the victim's wedding ring and abandoned her at the side of the road. After driving a short distance, however, the pair decided that the woman, if left alive, would be a potential witness against them and that she therefore should be killed.

Glock and Puiatti returned to where they had left the victim, whereupon Puiatti shot her twice at close range and drove away. Upon glancing back and realizing that the victim had not fallen to the ground, Puiatti turned the car around. Glock then took the gun and fired a third shot into the victim and Puiatti drove away once more. When the woman still did not fall, Glock and Puiatti made a third pass at which point Glock fired the shot that felled her; she died shortly thereafter.

Four days later, Glock and Puiatti were still in possession of the victim's vehicle when they were stopped in New Jersey by a state trooper who noticed that the automobile's license plate was displayed improperly. Neither Puiatti nor Glock was able to present the trooper with a valid driver's license, so the trooper asked to see the car's registration. As Puiatti opened the glove box, the trooper noticed a handgun inside.

The trooper then seized the firearm, and with permission from Puiatti and Glock, searched the vehicle, thereby finding a second handgun. The officer arrested both men for possession of two handguns without permits. The handgun taken from the glove box proved to be the weapon used in the Florida slaying.

On August 21, the day following their arrests, Glock and Puiatti made separate tape recorded statements to two Pasco County, Florida, detectives,1 in which each confessed to the Florida kidnapping, robbery, and killing.

In his statement, Glock recounted the events described above, differing from that account in just two respects: Glock claimed that Puiatti had suggested initially that the two men kill the victim and that Puiatti had fired the final shot. Puiatti's statement, given later that day, was virtually identical to Glock's statement; not surprisingly, however, Puiatti claimed that the killing had been Glock's idea and that Glock had fired the last shot.

Three days later, on August 24, Glock and Puiatti gave the detectives a joint statement before a court reporter. Puiatti spoke first. As Glock listened silently, Puiatti told the detectives that "[Glock] said to me that he thought we should shoot her ... [a]nd after going back and forth a little bit, I agreed, and turned the car around." Puiatti then admitted to firing the first shot, at which point Glock interrupted and continued the narration.

Glock reported, and Puiatti agreed, that Puiatti initially fired three shots and that at least two of those shots struck the victim, one in the right shoulder and one in the chest. Glock continued, stating that he also shot the victim twice--once on the second pass in the car and once on the third. Glock also confessed that the victim collapsed after he shot her on the third pass.2 At the conclusion of the joint statement, both men stated that they were in "full agreement with each other as to the [joint] statement ... [and] that the incident came down exactly that way."

On October 12, 1983, the State of Florida charged Glock and Puiatti with one count each of first degree murder, kidnapping, and robbery. Before trial, each defendant moved for separate trials because the State intended to present both of their individual confessions to the jury. The trial court denied their requests for severance and, in March 1984, Glock and Puiatti went to trial.

At trial, the State introduced all three confessions into evidence as part of its case in chief. Glock and Puiatti each objected to the introduction of the other's individual statement. As each defendant's statement was received, the court instructed the jury to disregard it to the extent that it implicated the other defendant. With respect to the joint statement, no objection was made and no curative instruction was given. After the State rested its case, neither defendant took the stand to rebut the State's proof. The jury accepted the State's proof and convicted each defendant on all three counts.

The trial then proceeded to the penalty phase,3 where the same jury was asked to make a recommendation as to whether Glock and Puiatti should be sentenced to life imprisonment or death. The State called no witnesses, relying instead upon the evidence adduced during the guilt phase of the trial. Glock, in his case, called a number of witnesses, including his sister and his stepmother, both of whom testified as to the difficult circumstances of Glock's childhood.

Glock also presented a mental health expert who testified that Glock would not have committed the crimes but for the substantial domination exerted over him by Puiatti,4 and that Glock, who did not have a criminal profile, was capable of rehabilitation and therefore was unlikely to commit any future crimes. Finally, Glock testified that he felt remorse over what he had done.

At the close of the evidence at the penalty phase, the trial judge instructed the jury to consider five statutory aggravating circumstances in reaching its recommendation concerning the defendants' respective sentences: whether the murder was committed: (1) while the defendant was engaged in the commission, the attempted commission, or the flight after the commission or attempted commission, of the crime of kidnapping, Fla.Stat.Ann. Sec. 921.141(5)(d) (West 1985 & Supp.1994); (2) for the purpose of avoiding or preventing a lawful arrest, Fla.Stat.Ann. Sec. 921.141(5)(e); (3) for financial gain, Fla.Stat.Ann. Sec. 921.141(5)(f); (4) in a "cold, calculated, and premeditated [manner] without any pretense of moral or legal justification," Fla.Stat.Ann. Sec. 921.141(5)(i); or (5) in a manner that was "especially wicked, evil, atrocious or cruel,"5 Fla.Stat.Ann. Sec. 921.141(5)(h) (hereinafter, the "atrociousness circumstance").6 The court also instructed the jury with respect to both statutory mitigating circumstances, see Fla.Stat.Ann. Sec. 921.141(6), and nonstatutory mitigating circumstances.

The jury recommended, by a vote of eleven to one, that both Glock and Puiatti receive the death penalty. Because Florida law does not require it to do so, the jury did not indicate the specific aggravating circumstances that formed the basis for its death penalty recommendation.7 The trial judge adopted the sentencing recommendations of the jury and imposed the death penalty. As to both defendants, the trial judge specifically found three aggravating circumstances: that the murder was committed (1) for financial gain; (2) to avoid arrest; and (3) in a cold, calculated, and premeditated manner.

The judge rejected two aggravating circumstances--that the murder was heinous, atrocious, or cruel, and that the murder was committed in the course of a kidnapping--because the facts necessary to support them comprised the basis for the judge's finding of two other aggravating circumstances.8 In Glock's case, the judge found a statutory mitigating circumstance in Glock's lack of a prior criminal history, and three nonstatutory mitigating circumstances in Glock's cooperation in the police investigation, his capacity for rehabilitation, and his good behavior while incarcerated. In the court's view, however, those mitigating circumstances did not outweigh the three aggravating circumstances that attended the murder.

Following the imposition of sentence, Glock appealed his murder conviction and death sentence; he did not appeal his convictions for kidnapping and robbery.9 The Florida Supreme Court found no error in the proceedings before the trial court and therefore affirmed.10 Puiatti v. State, 495 So.2d 128 (Fla.1986) ("Puiatti I ") (joint resolution of individual codefendants' direct appeals), vacated in part, 481 U.S. 1027, 107 S.Ct. 1950, 95 L.Ed.2d 523 (1987) (only as to Puiatti; Glock did not file a writ of certiorari).11

Glock then moved the trial court for postconviction relief pursuant to Rule 3.850 of the Florida Rules of Criminal Procedure. In his Rule 3.850 petition, Glock listed sixteen claims of trial court error, including, inter alia, the court's refusal to sever his case from Puiatti's (at both the guilt and penalty phases) and to charge the jury as he had requested at the conclusion of the penalty phase of his trial. See supra note 6. Glock also claimed that his attorney was ineffective both in the penalty phase of the trial and at the subsequent sentencing hearing before the court. The trial court, without holding an evidentiary hearing, examined and rejected each of Glock's claims, finding that some of his claims had been waived, that some had been decided against him on direct appeal and thus were not cognizable in a Rule 3.850 proceeding, and that the rest lacked merit.

The Florida Supreme Court affirmed the trial court's denial of Rule 3.850 relief. Glock v. Dugger, 537 So.2d 99 (Fla.1989).12 In its opinion, the court discussed only two of the sixteen claims that Glock presented: (1) that the admission of a nontestifying codefendant's (Puiatti's) confession violated the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment as interpreted by the United States Supreme Court in Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123, 88 S.Ct. 1620, 20 L.Ed.2d 476 (1968), and as applied in Cruz v. New York, 481 U.S. 186, 107 S.Ct. 1714, 95 L.Ed.2d 162 (1987), a case similar to Glock's; and (2) that Glock's attorney rendered ineffective assistance during the penalty phase of the case. The court found Glock's remaining claims patently meritless.

The Florida Supreme Court rejected Glock's Bruton claim, finding that the joint statement Glock and Puiatti made to the police "clearly indicates [the] reliability" of Puiatti's confession.13 Glock, 537 So.2d at 102. The court also rejected Glock's ineffective assistance claim as meritless on its face. After the court handed down its decision, the Governor signed Glock's death warrant and his execution was scheduled for January 17, 1989.

On January 3, 1989, Glock, replicating the sixteen claims raised in his Rule 3.850 petition, filed the instant petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida. The district court, concluding that Glock's claims were meritless on their face and that an evidentiary hearing was unnecessary, denied the writ.14 The court did grant a certificate of probable cause, however, thereby permitting this appeal.

On appeal, Glock presents seven of the claims he asserted in the district court. One of the claims attacks his murder conviction; the remaining six challenge his death sentence. In Part II, we consider whether Glock is entitled to a new trial because the trial court violated his Sixth Amendment right to confront the witnesses against him by admitting the confession of his nontestifying codefendant, Puiatti.15 Although we conclude that the trial court denied Glock his right of confrontation, we nonetheless affirm Glock's murder conviction because the denial constituted harmless error.

In Part III, we examine Glock's claim that the trial court's jury instruction regarding the atrociousness circumstance was unconstitutionally vague, thus preventing the jury, and subsequently the trial judge, from making a reliable capital sentencing determination. We conclude that the instruction was unconstitutionally vague and that Glock's sentence, therefore, must be set aside. Given this conclusion, we need not examine Glock's five remaining challenges to his sentence.

The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment guarantees the right of a criminal defendant to confront the witnesses against him. U.S. Const. amend. VI.16 Thus, in a joint trial, the Confrontation Clause prevents a party from introducing a nontestifying codefendant's statement that inculpates a defendant, because that defendant is denied the opportunity to confront, and cross-examine, the nontestifying codefendant.17 Cruz v. New York, 481 U.S. 186, 189, 107 S.Ct. 1714, 1717, 95 L.Ed.2d 162 (1987) (citing Pointer v. State, 380 U.S. 400, 404, 85 S.Ct. 1065, 1068, 13 L.Ed.2d 923 (1965)). Moreover, a violation of the Confrontation Clause cannot be cured by instructing the jury to consider the statement only in assessing the guilt of the codefendant who made it. Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123, 135-36, 88 S.Ct. 1620, 1627-28, 20 L.Ed.2d 476 (1968) (finding that the "risk that the jury will not, or cannot, follow instructions [to disregard the nontestifying codefendant's statement] is so great, and the consequences of failure so vital to the defendant," that a limiting instruction is insufficient to insulate against the Confrontation Clause violation).

It was not until Cruz, however, that the Court addressed a situation similar to the case presently before us, where, in addition to the statement given by the nontestifying codefendant, the defendant made a statement of his own that corroborates the nontestifying codefendant's statement.18 In Cruz, the Court held that the introduction of a defendant's own confession that corroborates, or "interlocks" with, the nontestifying codefendant's statement "might, in some cases render the violation of the Confrontation Clause harmless, but could not cause introduction of the nontestifying codefendant's confession not to constitute a violation." Id. 481 U.S. at 191, 107 S.Ct. at 1718 (adopting reasoning of concurring opinion in Parker v. Randolph, 442 U.S. 62, 77-80, 99 S.Ct. 2132, 2141-42, 60 L.Ed.2d 713 (1979) (Blackmun, J., concurring in part and concurring in judgment). Thus, in a joint trial, a nontestifying codefendant's statement, to the extent that it implicates another defendant, violates Bruton even though that statement "interlocks" with the statement of the implicated defendant. Id. The Bruton error is not fatal, however, if it is deemed harmless by a reviewing court.

In the present case, the trial court violated the Bruton rule by admitting the statement of a nontestifying codefendant, Puiatti, that incriminated the defendant, Glock. Moreover, the Bruton violation was not avoided by either the trial judge's clear and concise instruction to the jury not to consider Puiatti's statement as evidence against Glock or by the fact that both Glock's individual statement and the joint confession of Glock and Puiatti unquestionably corroborated Puiatti's statement. Accordingly, we must review the circumstances in which the error was made in order to determine whether that error was harmless.

Traditionally, harmless error analysis of Bruton violations has followed the "harmless beyond a reasonable doubt" standard set forth in Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 87 S.Ct. 824, 17 L.Ed.2d 705 (1967), which came before the Court on direct review. See Schneble v. Florida, 405 U.S. 427, 430, 92 S.Ct. 1056, 1059, 31 L.Ed.2d 340 (1972); Harrington v. California, 395 U.S. 250, 254, 89 S.Ct. 1726, 1728, 23 L.Ed.2d 284 (1969). This well-established standard, however, is no longer applicable to harmless error examinations undertaken in a federal habeas corpus proceeding. In Brecht v. Abrahamson, --- U.S. ----, ----, 113 S.Ct. 1710, 1722, 123 L.Ed.2d 353 (1993), the Supreme Court announced a "less onerous standard on habeas review of constitutional error." Under Brecht, the proper inquiry is "whether the error 'had substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury's verdict.' " Id. at ----, 113 S.Ct. at 1722 (quoting Kotteakos v. United States, 328 U.S. 750, 776, 66 S.Ct. 1239, 1253, 90 L.Ed. 1557 (1946)). Thus, the "habeas petitioner[ ] may obtain plenary review of [his] constitutional claims, but [he is] not entitled to habeas relief based on trial error unless ... it resulted in 'actual prejudice.' "19 Id. at ----, 113 S.Ct. at 1722.

The Bruton violation in this case had no substantial and injurious effect on the jury's verdict.20 Here, unlike in Cruz, the defendant suffering the constitutional deprivation never contested the probative value of any of the three confessions introduced at trial.21 On the contrary, both Glock and Puiatti admitted at trial and while giving their confessions that their statements were truthful, voluntary, and freely-given. As such, the interlocking nature of the three confessions, two of which were directly admissible against Glock,22 "may be considered on appeal in assessing whether any Confrontation Clause violation was harmless." Cruz, 481 U.S. at 194, 107 S.Ct. at 1719; see also id. at 192, 107 S.Ct. at 1718 (noting that a Bruton violation may be harmless if "the defendant were standing by his confession, in which case it could be said that the codefendant's confession does no more than support the defendant's very own case").

Thus, because Glock is "standing by" his confessions, and because those confessions substantially corroborate the statements in Puiatti's confession that incriminate Glock, the interlocking nature of the multiple confessions supports a finding that, with respect to the substance of Puiatti's statement, the Bruton violation caused by the admission of Puiatti's statement was harmless error.

A review of the trial transcript confirms our view that the admission of Puiatti's statement, this time with respect to the procedural aspects of the statement's admission, was harmless error. Initially, the individual taped statements of Puiatti and Glock that were played to the jury were virtually identical in duration. Also, the taped statements were played to the jury in immediate succession, with Glock's being played first, such that neither statement was accorded undue influence before the jury.

Additionally, aside from the actual playing of the tape, Puiatti's confession was never again brought to the attention of the jury, either during the examination of witnesses or in the closing arguments of counsel.23 Finally, although counsel for Glock and Puiatti frequently objected to the court's admission of the statements and to the court's refusal to sever their cases, all of their objections were made at side bar, and thus did not draw the jury's attention to the statements or result in any prejudice or harm.

Accordingly, based on the record taken as a whole, we find that the improper admission of Puiatti's individual statement was harmless error that did not substantially affect the jury's verdict. In his individual statement and in the joint confession, Glock corroborated the damaging portions of Puiatti's statement by admitting to having been at the scene of the crime and to having participated in the murder both by agreeing to kill the victim and by actually firing shots into the victim. Moreover, the trial transcript reveals no instances in which Puiatti's individual confession was used in an overly prejudicial or damaging fashion. In fine, the Bruton violation constituted harmless error, and Glock's conviction for first degree murder is affirmed.

In his habeas petition, Glock presented a number of challenges to his sentence of death.24 Because we find that the trial court's instruction to the jury with respect to the heinous, atrocious, or cruel aggravating circumstance was constitutionally deficient, we vacate Glock's death sentence, rendering unnecessary an examination of his remaining claims of error regarding the sentencing phase of his trial.

Under the Florida capital sentencing scheme, a defendant found guilty of capital murder receives a separate hearing to determine whether the appropriate penalty for his crime is life imprisonment or death. Fla.Stat.Ann. Sec. 921.141(1) (West 1985 & Supp.1994). The hearing, typically conducted before the same jury that heard the evidence at the guilt phase, entails the presentation of aggravating evidence by the prosecutor and mitigating evidence by the defendant. After the presentation of evidence and the arguments of counsel, the judge instructs the jury to consider whether certain statutorily enumerated aggravating circumstances exist in the case, and if so, whether those aggravating circumstances are outweighed by any mitigating circumstances that may be present. Fla.Stat.Ann. Sec. 921.141(2). While there are a number of statutorily defined mitigating circumstances, the jury is instructed that it may consider any evidence that mitigates in favor of a life sentence.

Upon being charged, the jury, by majority vote, renders an advisory verdict of either death or life imprisonment.25 Notwithstanding the recommendation of the jury, however, the trial court, in a subsequent sentencing proceeding, independently weighs the aggravating and mitigating circumstances and renders the final determination as to life or death. Fla.Stat.Ann. Sec. 921.141(3). In arriving at its sentence, the court is required to place "great weight" upon the recommendation of the jury. Tedder v. State, 322 So.2d 908, 910 (Fla.1975). As such, the jury's recommendation, be it a recommendation of life imprisonment or death, constitutes an important factor that must be incorporated into the judge's independent weighing process. Mann v. Dugger, 844 F.2d 1446, 1454 (11th Cir.1988) (en banc) ("The case law reflects an interpretation of the death penalty statute that requires the trial court to give significant weight to the jury's recommendation, whether it be a recommendation of life imprisonment or a recommendation of death."), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1071, 109 S.Ct. 1353, 103 L.Ed.2d 821 (1989).

These well-established procedural rules recently led the Supreme Court to observe that, under the Florida capital sentencing scheme, the judge and jury are "co-sentencers." Espinosa v. Florida, --- U.S. ----, ----, 112 S.Ct. 2926, 2929, 120 L.Ed.2d 854 (1992). Moreover, the Court concluded that, where the state "decides to place capital-sentencing authority in two actors rather than one, neither actor must be permitted to weigh invalid aggravating circumstances." Id. See also Sochor v. Florida, 504 U.S. ----, ----, 112 S.Ct. 2114, 2119, 119 L.Ed.2d 326 (1992) (holding that a sentencer weighing "invalid" aggravating circumstance violates the Eighth Amendment); Stringer v. Black, 503 U.S. ----, ----, 112 S.Ct. 1130, 1140, 117 L.Ed.2d 367 (1992) (holding that use of vague or imprecise aggravating circumstance invalidates death sentence); Clemons v. Mississippi, 494 U.S. 738, 752, 110 S.Ct. 1441, 1450, 108 L.Ed.2d 725 (1990) (same).26

In Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238, 92 S.Ct. 2726, 33 L.Ed.2d 346 (1972), and its progeny, the Supreme Court interpreted the Eighth Amendment to require that the discretion of a capital sentencer be channelled and limited so as to minimize the risk of wholly arbitrary and capricious action. See Maynard v. Cartwright, 486 U.S. 356, 362, 108 S.Ct. 1853, 1858, 100 L.Ed.2d 372 (1988). Thus, to the extent that an aggravating circumstance, as defined in the death penalty statute, provides insufficient guidance, it must be accompanied by narrowing language that provides a "principled way to distinguish [a] case, in which the death penalty was imposed, from the many cases in which it was not." Godfrey v. Georgia, 446 U.S. 420, 433, 100 S.Ct. 1759, 1767, 64 L.Ed.2d 398 (1980).

In a long line of cases, beginning with Godfrey, the Supreme Court established conclusively that instructions that do little more than recite the words of the statute, "heinous," "atrocious," and "cruel," must be accompanied by language that effectively narrows the sentencer's discretion. Stringer, 503 U.S. at ----, 112 S.Ct. at 1135. See also Godfrey, 446 U.S. at 428-29, 100 S.Ct. at 1764-65 (invalidating death sentence based on aggravating circumstance that the killing was "outrageously or wantonly vile, horrible and inhuman"); Maynard, 486 U.S. at 359, 108 S.Ct. at 1856 (same result as to language that killing was "especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel"); Espinosa, --- U.S. at ----, 112 S.Ct. at 2927 (same as to "especially wicked, evil, atrocious, or cruel").

The Supreme Court of Florida has provided additional language designed to channel the sentencer's discretion with respect to the atrociousness circumstance used in the statute:

that heinous means extremely wicked or shockingly evil; that atrocious means outrageously wicked and vile; and, that cruel means designed to inflict a high degree of pain with utter indifference to, or even enjoyment of, the suffering of others. What is intended to be included are those capital crimes where the actual commission of the capital felony was accompanied by such additional acts as to set the crime apart from the norm of capital felonies--the conscienceless or pitiless crime which is unnecessarily torturous to the victim.

State v. Dixon, 283 So.2d 1, 9 (Fla.1973), cert. denied, 416 U.S. 943, 94 S.Ct. 1950, 40 L.Ed.2d 295 (1974). The United States Supreme Court has found Florida's narrowing construction for the atrociousness circumstance to be constitutional, Proffitt v. Florida, 428 U.S. 242, 255-56, 96 S.Ct. 2960, 2968, 49 L.Ed.2d 913 (1976); Sochor v. Florida, --- U.S. ----, ---- - ----, 112 S.Ct. 2114, 2121-22, 119 L.Ed.2d 326 (1992), making clear in the process that the portion of the Dixon language necessary to meet constitutional scrutiny is the statement that the atrociousness circumstance applies only to a " 'conscienceless or pitiless crime which is unnecessarily torturous to the victim.' " Id. at ----, 112 S.Ct. at 2121 (quoting Dixon, 283 So.2d at 9).

In this case, Glock's death sentence must be vacated because one of parties charged with determining his sentence, the jury, weighed an unconstitutionally vague aggravating circumstance. At the close of the sentencing hearing, the court instructed the jury with the language rejected by the Supreme Court in Espinosa:27 whether the crime for which the defendant was to be sentenced was "especially wicked, evil, atrocious, or cruel." The jury was not provided any narrowing instructions.

The trial judge believed it was unnecessary to instruct the jury with the narrowing language in Dixon because, under Florida law, capital sentencing juries are not required to make specific findings as to the presence of aggravating and mitigating circumstances. In other words, the judge erroneously believed either that he was the sole sentencer under the Florida scheme or that his own final and independent sentencing determination could cure any defect with respect to the jury's sentencing determination. Indeed, in his specific findings, the trial judge refused to apply the atrociousness circumstance in reaching Glock's sentence.

Under the Florida capital sentencing scheme, however, neither the fact that the trial judge did not apply the atrociousness circumstance nor the presumption that the judge independently applied the Florida Supreme Court's narrowing language in arriving at Glock's sentence can cure the constitutional error in failing to give the jury an appropriate limiting instruction on the atrociousness circumstance.

As stated above, Florida has adopted a capital sentencing plan in which the sentencing recommendation of the jury is inextricably linked to the sentencing determination made by the trial judge, such that neither the judge nor the jury may be permitted to consider an invalid aggravating circumstance. Because the trial judge must accord great weight to the jury's sentencing recommendation, the jury's recommendation of death in this case, tainted as it was by the inadequate instruction on the atrociousness circumstance, necessarily tainted the trial judge's final decision. Accordingly, Glock's sentence cannot stand; he must be afforded another sentencing proceeding in which the jury is given instructions that fully comport with the Constitution.

In conclusion, we AFFIRM the district court's denial of the writ of habeas corpus with respect to Glock's conviction for first degree murder. We REVERSE, however, the district court's denial of the writ as to Glock's claim that the jury instruction on the heinous, atrocious, or cruel aggravating circumstance was constitutionally invalid. The case is REMANDED to the district court with instructions to issue the writ setting aside Glock's death sentence unless the State provides him with a new sentencing proceeding before a newly empaneled jury.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

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