A memorial service conducted by
James Whyte, the former Moderator of the General
Assembly of the Church of Scotland, was held on 9
October 1996.
Notable survivor
British tennis player Andy Murray
was a pupil at the school at the time of the
massacre, but was in a higher year group than the
one which fell victim to Hamilton.
The
aftermath
Hamilton's exact motives remain
unknown, though it is a matter of record that there
were complaints to police regarding his suspicious
behaviour towards the young boys who attended the
youth clubs that he ran.
There were suspicions prior to
the massacre that Hamilton's interest in boys was
paedophilic, with more than one complaint being made
regarding him having taken photographs of semi-naked
boys without the parents' consent.
He claimed in letters that
rumours about him led to the collapse of his shop
business in 1993, and in the last months of his life
he complained again that his attempts to set up a
boys' club were subject to persecution by the police
and the scout movement. Among those to whom he
complained were local MP Michael Forsyth and the
Queen.
In the 1980s, another MP, George
Robertson, who lived in Dunblane, had complained to
Forsyth about Hamilton's local boys' club, which his
son had attended. On the day following the massacre,
George Robertson spoke of having argued with
Hamilton "in my own home".
There has been unfounded
speculation about the relationship between Hamilton
and Robertson, and the latter launched a landmark
'e-libel' action against the Sunday Herald in
2003 after comments made on the newspaper's message
board. He won an apology and damages.
On 19 March 1996, just six days
after the incident, the body of Thomas Hamilton was
cremated in private. The gym where the massacre took
place was demolished on 11 April 1996, and within
two years the whole school was rebuilt.
Cultural impact
The Home Affairs Select Committee
concluded in 1996 that a ban on handguns would be "panic
legislation" and would do little to prevent a repeat
of the Dunblane incident. It also said that rules
governing gun ownership must be changed to prevent
people such as Thomas Hamilton from owning weapons.
The Cullen Inquiry recommended
tighter control of handgun ownership as well as
other changes in school security and vetting of
people working with children under 18. However
because the Hungerford massacre also involved a
legal gun owner killing with his legally-held guns,
public feeling had turned against private gun
ownership, allowing a much more restrictive ban on
handguns to pass.
Security in schools, particularly
primary schools, was improved in response to the
Dunblane massacre and two other tragedies which
occurred at around the same time - the murder of
London headmaster Phillip Lawrence and the wounding
of six toddlers and a nursery nurse at a
Wolverhampton nursery school.
A month later, Martin Bryant
killed 35 people in the Port Arthur massacre in
Tasmania, Australia. The chief defence psychiatrist
in the case has revealed that the Dunblane massacre,
and in particular the early treatment of Thomas
Hamilton, was the trigger in Bryant's mind for the
Port Arthur massacre.
Music
With the consent of Bob Dylan, a
Dunblane musician named Ted Christopher wrote a new
verse for "Knockin' on Heaven's Door" in memory of
the Dunblane school children and their teacher. The
recording of the revised version of the song, which
included brothers and sisters of the victims singing
the chorus and Mark Knopfler on guitar, was released
on December 9, 1996 in the UK, and reached number 1.
The proceeds went to charities for children.
The Living End have a song on
their self-titled album about the Dunblane massacre.
It is called "Monday". The band's Chris Cheney said,
"It was such a senseless act. I just felt compelled
to write a song about it." Also, the UK band History
Of Guns got their name from one of their earliest
songs, inspired by the Dunblane shootings.
On their 1997 album
Quintessentials, English punk band U.K. Subs
feature a song simply titled "Dunblane". Lead singer
Charlie Harper laments in the chorus: "After
Dunblane, how can you hold a gun and say you're
innocent?"
Pipe Major Robert Mathieson of
Shotts and Dykehead also composed a slow air for the
Highland Bagpipes in memoriam of the event, entitled
"The Bells of Dunblane".
James MacMillan wrote a tribute
piece, "A Child's Prayer", using the words "remembered
by the composer from childhood". It was first
performed in Westminster Abbey in July 1996 and
recorded on the album 'ikon' by The Sixteen,
conducted by Harry Christophers, in 2005.
Yusuf Islam (Cat Stevens) sang "The
Little Ones" at the Voices for Darfur gala
performance at the Royal Albert Hall, London, in
December 2004, a song which he said he wrote for the
children of Dunblane and Bosnia.
Eric Bogle, a Scotsman who has
lived for many years in Australia, wrote and
recorded "One Small Star" in tribute.
The Nationalist rock band Brutal
Attack released a song titled The Angels of Dunblane
on their album, When Odin Calls.
Books
Two books - Dunblane: Our Year
of Tears by Peter Samson and Alan Crow (Mainstream,
1996) and Dunblane: Never Forget by Mick
North (Mainstream, 2000) - both give accounts of the
massacre from the perspective of those most directly
affected.
Another book, Dunblane
Unburied by Sandra Uttley (Book Publishing World
2006), whose publication was funded by a shooters'
organisation, the Sportsman's Association, examines
Hamilton's relationship with members of Central
Scotland Police and presents a disturbing
alternative account to the events leading up to the
massacre. Uttley alleges a major high-level cover-up
and calls for a new Public Inquiry to establish the
truth.
Television
On the Sunday following the
shootings the morning service from Dunblane
Cathedral, conducted by Rev. Colin MacIntosh, was
broadcast live by the BBC. The BBC also had live
transmission of the Memorial Service on 9 October
1996, also held at Dunblane Cathedral.
A documentary 'Dunblane:
Remembering our Children' (produced by Chameleon
Television), which featured many of the parents of
the children who had been killed, was broadcast by
ITV at the time of the first anniversary.
At the time of the Tenth
Anniversary in March 2006 two documentaries were
broadcast. Channel 5 screened 'Dunblane - a decade
on' (made by Hanrahan Media) and BBC Scotland showed
'Remembering Dunblane' (made by iwcmedia).
Episode 1,954 of Australian soap
opera Home And Away, in which the estranged
father of a Year 7 student of Summer Bay High
brought a rifle into the school and held headmaster
Donald Fisher hostage all afternoon and overnight (throughout
the episode), was not shown at all in the UK.
References to the siege in other episodes were
edited out by ITV, the then UK broadcaster of the
show.
Flowers
At least three flowers have been
named after victims of the shootings. Two roses,
developed by Cockers of Aberdeen, were named "Gwen
Mayor" and "Innocence" in memory of the teacher and
the children. A variety of snowdrop, discovered ten
years earlier in the garden of a house close to
Dunblane Primary School, has been named after Sophie
North.
Memorials
Dunblane Primary School gymnasium
was demolished shortly afterwards and replaced by a
small garden: a simple plaque bears the names of the
victims.
A Memorial Garden was created at
the town's cemetery, where most of those who were
killed are buried. The central feature of the Garden
is a fountain designed by Maggie Howarth. The Garden
was dedicated at a ceremony on 14 March 1998.
Stained glass windows in memory
of the victims were placed in three local churches,
St Blane's and the Church of the Holy Family in
Dunblane and the nearby Lecropt Kirk. A Clashach
standing stone was later erected in Dunblane
Cathedral.
Gardens and trees were planted,
and cairns built at various locations, especially
schools, throughout the UK in remembrance of the
children and their teacher.
The National Association of
Primary Education commissioned a wooden sculpture, 'Flame
for Dunblane', created by Walter Bailey, which was
placed in the National Forest, England.
The Dunblane Youth and Community
Centre, funded by donations made after the shootings,
was opened in September 2004.
Political impact
Mrs. Ann Pearson, a friend of
some of the bereaved families, founded a very widely
supported campaign, named the Snowdrop Petition (because
March is snowdrop time in Scotland), which gained
705,000 signatures in support, and was successful in
pressing Parliament, and the then-current
Conservative government, into introducing a ban on
all cartridge ammunition handguns with the exception
of .22 calibre single-shot weapons in England,
Scotland and Wales.
The families of the victims were
active in the lobbying campaign as was the Gun
Control Network, also set up in the aftermath of the
shootings, and whose members included parents of
victims at Dunblane and of the Hungerford Massacre.
The campaign was also supported by a number of
newspapers, including the Sunday Mail, a
Scottish tabloid whose own petition to ban handguns
had raised 428,279 signatures within five weeks of
the massacre.
Following the 1997 General
Election, the Labour government of Tony Blair
introduced the Firearms (Amendment) (No. 2) Act
1997, banning the remaining .22 cartridge handguns
in England, Scotland and Wales, and leaving only
muzzle-loading and historic handguns legal, as well
as certain sporting handguns (e.g. "Long-Arms") that
fall outside the Home Office Definition of a "Handgun"
due to their dimensions. The ban does not affect
Northern Ireland, the Isle of Man, or the Channel
Islands.
Conspiracy theories
Since the massacre, questions
have been raised about the actions of Central
Scotland Police in the case, and numerous Internet
conspiracy theories have arisen regarding alleged
involvement by Freemasonry, George Robertson, MI6,
the supporters of the Snowdrop Petition and Northern
Ireland terrorist organisations.
These were, to some extent,
fuelled by the 100-year restriction on publication
of parts of the Cullen Inquiry into the massacre.
The partial lifting of these restrictions on 3
October 2005 quelled some of the more outlandish
theories. One of the victims' parents, who read the
full version of all the documents before they were
released, concluded there was no evidence for any
conspiracy, but they do include some sensitive
information. Dunblane conspiracy sites still persist
on the web.
Dunblane Unburied, the
book written by Sandra Uttley who was a paramedic at
the time of the Dunblane Massacre in Scotland,
argues that Central Scotland Police were more
culpable in the case than was officially admitted.
Police activity
Prior to the events of 13 March,
1996, Hamilton was already well known to Central
Scotland Police. There were a number of
investigations and reports compiled, the exact
number and content cannot be verified as they are
still unavailable. However, some police involvement
with Hamilton is known.
In October 1994, Hamilton was
cautioned by Lothian and Borders Police in Calton
Hill, Edinburgh, when he was found with his trousers
down in a "compromising position" with a young man.
In 1991, following Hamilton's
Loch Lomond summer camp, complaints were made to
Central Scotland Police and were investigated by the
Child Protection Unit. Hamilton was reported to the
Procurator Fiscal for consideration of 10 charges,
including assault, obstructing police and
contravention of the Children and Young Persons (Scotland)
Act of 1937. No action was taken.
References