This is a systematic character assassination by the
FBI to eliminate all of the crime scene. What they're doing is, they're
destroying the crime scene. This is the biggest lie ever put before the
American people! Bill Clinton wants to use a scapegoat, like the
attorney general [does]. I don't buy it!
Brad Branch as Mount Carmel burned1/
Throughout these last chapters ample evidence that the FBI and Justice
Department lied to the public and covered up crimes against the Branch
Davidians--crimes which still could lead to criminal charges against
some agents and officials for excessive use of force, conspiracy to
violate civil rights, obstruction of justice, and negligent or even
intentional homicide. In this chapter more evidence of a systematic
coverup by these agencies and by the Clinton White House will be
presented.
FBI POST-FIRE
DISINFORMATION
Jack
Zimmermann laments, "Within 35 minutes, the Justice Department announced
from Washington that two `cultists' confessed to starting the fire.
That Monday night. . .the truth was released: No one had confessed to
any such thing. How many heard the retraction?"2/ And indeed this was
reported on CNN while the fire was still smoldering: "A spokesman for
Attorney General Janet Reno says that. . .two of those cult members have
admitted that they are the ones who started the fire." This was just
one of many examples of self-serving FBI and Justice Department
disinformation released immediately after the fire.
During SAC Bob Ricks' April 19th pre-fire press briefing and
post-fire press conference and SAC Jeff Jamar's April 20th press
conference the agents spewed forth some of the most outrageous
disinformation. These included already described lies that Koresh never
intended to write his book, Steve Schneider threw the phone outside the
building, Davidians fired hundreds of rounds at tanks, the FBI was
unable to fix the phones, agents watched Davidians start the fire,
Davidians confessed to starting the fire, and Davidians shot those
trying to escape.
Ricks also asserted that Koresh "wanted to have as many people
killed as possible. That's why it was called Ranch Apocalypse." Ricks
said Koresh "was demanding provocation to get in a fight with us. . .We
believe they were preparing for another armed standoff." Ricks
repeatedly speculated that "the children had been injected with some
kind of poison to ease their pain."
Ricks also contradicted himself. During the morning briefing
Ricks stated that Davidians worldwide, as well as those who had left
Mount Carmel, assured the FBI there would be no suicide pact. Right
after the fire Ricks revealed for the first time that Davidians had
discussed a suicide pact on March 2nd.
Ricks claimed that Koresh had "lied" when he supposedly had
told the FBI that the children were safe in bunkers. "His last act to
America was yet another lie." But several minutes later Ricks stated
the contrary, "They bunkered down the kids the best they could. . .we
believed they were inside the cinder block room to protect themselves
from the gas."
Ricks described the last big tank smashing deep into the
building so that the FBI could put gas into the cinder block room: "We
finally made entry into that area and gassed it." But just a few
minutes later he denied this was any kind of "assault." "We never went
in."
In his press conference Jeff Jamar claimed David Koresh was
not writing his book, that three people observed Davidians starting the
fire, that Koresh had had the children killed, that Davidans killed
others trying to escape. Ricks and Jamar both falsely claimed that FBI
agents saved escaping Davidians from suicide. They claimed Renos Avraam
stayed on the roof until he caught fire and was saved by FBI
agents--even though video footage clearly shows him jump off and walk
away unharmed and and unaided. And they claimed that Ruth Riddle's
attempt to escape FBI agents was a suicidal attempt to re-enter the
burning building.
Ricks and Jamar sent their lies up the chain of command
through then-Assistant Director of Criminal Investigation Larry Potts.
FBI Director William Sessions repeated Ricks' and Jamars' disinformation
in April 19 and 20th CNN, ABC-TV and other interviews. However,
Sessions stressed that FBI experts and David Koresh himself had told the
FBI "he did not intend to commit suicide," and the fire and the suicide
were a "surprise."3/
During the 1993 House Judiciary Committee hearing FBI
officials and agents continued the disinformation campaign, repeating
these stories and others. At that time Ricks added the new charge that
when a released child heard his father and Koresh were dead, he said, "I
don't care. No more beatings." Ricks said the children had asked if
their new home had a "beating room." However, social workers have not
revealed any such child's statement.
While the FBI has forbidden its agents to speak to the
press, in August, 1993 Bob Ricks charged at a private meeting that Steve
Schneider had shot Koresh out of anger. "In the end, he probably
realized he was dealing with a fraud. After [Koresh] had caused so much
harm and destruction, he probably now wanted to come out, and Mr.
Schneider could not tolerate that situation."4/ All this disinformation
convinced the public the Davidians were the suicidal maniacs the FBI
wanted Americans to believe they were.
On April 21, 1993 on "Larry King Live," Davidian David
Thibodeau's attorney Gary Richardson criticized the FBI's disinformation
campaign: "I've dealt with the FBI before, having been a former U.S.
attorney. I've worked with them and I've worked against them, and the
thing I do know. . .is that they are going to do everything they
possibly can to try to convince the public that they are justified in
their actions. . .They do things, and as a former U.S. Attorney I can
tell you, they do things and then they sweep them under the carpet and
try to come out looking lily white."
RENO/CLINTON
DISINFORMATION AFTER THE FIRE
In the
days after the fire, Attorney General Janet Reno, President Clinton and
their representatives all emphasized "humanitarian" reasons for the
assault, ones that presumably would play well with the public.
However, they also blamed everything on David Koresh.
Reno
Disinformation
Janet Reno began a media blitz where she explained the prime
reasons for the assault were the "fatigue" of the hostage rescue team
and ongoing evidence that "babies were being beaten." However, in an
April 20th briefing for reporters FBI Director William Sessions said his
agency had "no contemporaneous evidence" of child abuse during the
siege.5/ Reno quickly buckled under and confessed she had erred.
And she falsely claimed Davidians would not report on the
childrens' welfare. On April 19th, on ABC's "Nightline," Janet Reno
claimed that despite the FBI's sending in video tapes, "We did not
receive verification that the children were okay." She refused to admit
what the Justice Department concedes, such tapes were sent out on March
8 and March 28.
Reno repeatedly asserted in her press conference and on
several television programs: "I approved the plan. I am responsible.
The buck stops here." Dick DeGuerin told a reporter, "I'm very pleased
that we have an Attorney General, finally, after 12 years, who will
accept responsibility. But it's so refreshing, it's such a shock to
have that, that when she grabbed the blame for herself, it deflected any
other inquiry. . .[However, Reno] said, `I'll take the blame, but it's
all Koresh's fault.' Well, that's not really taking the blame."6/
Janet Reno's public relations effort was extremely
successful. Justice Department spokesperson Carl Stern asserted that
while on April 19th the reaction from those who contacted the Justice
Department was 10 to 1 against the assault, on April 20th, 8 out of 10
said they agreed with Janet Reno!7/ Two USA Today/CNN/Gallup polls
taken right after the April 19th fire reflect the public reaction. In
the first, only 13 percent of those responding objected to the February
28, 1993 BATF raid; 52 percent supported the raid.8/ And 93 percent of
respondents backed the FBI's assault on the Branch Davidians, despite
the fact that it ended in "an apparent mass suicide by fire."9/
Clinton
Disinformation
The press and public's harshest criticism of Bill Clinton was
his not taking responsibility as quickly and definitively as did Janet
Reno. According to Elizabeth Drew in her book On the Edge: The Clinton
Presidency, Clinton originally tried to give the impression that he had
heard about and approved the gassing plan only the day before it
occurred. In fact it was days earlier, Wednesday, April 13th when
Nussbaum and Lindsey told Clinton about the plan, before Reno even had
approved it.10/
During his April 20th press conference Clinton finally took
responsibility, and like Reno, he emphasized, "It's because of the
children. They have evidence that those children are still being
abused, and that they're in increasingly unsafe conditions."11/ Of
course, by the time Clinton made this statement, the children were all
dead.
Clinton attacked Koresh. "The bureau's efforts were ultimately
unavailing because the individual with whom they were dealing, David
Koresh, was dangerous, irrational and probably insane. . .Mr. Koresh's
response to the demands for his surrender by Federal agents was to
destroy himself and murder the children who were his captives as well as
all the other people there who did not survive."12/
During the press conference Clinton growled that Janet Reno
should not have to resign "because some religious fanatics murdered
themselves." At a press conference two days later he asserted, "I do
not think the United States government is responsible for the fact that
a bunch of fanatics decided to kill themselves." According to Elizabeth
Drew, Clinton tried to intimidate the press from asking any more
questions about the FBI's actions when he belligerently answered one
reporter's question: "We know that David Koresh had sex with children.
Does anybody dispute that? Does anybody dispute that? Where I come
from, that's child abuse."13/
After the Oklahoma City bombing, Clinton again attacked
Davidians, charging on the April 23, 1995 CBS-TV episode of "60
Minutes," "Before that raid was carried out, those people murdered a
bunch of innocent law-enforcement officials who worked for the federal
government. . .And when that [April 19th] raid occurred, it was the
people who ran their cult compound at Waco who murdered their own
children. Not the federal officials. They made the decision to destroy
all those children that were there."
Justice Department outside expert Alan A. Stone, M.D.
criticized Clinton's statement, saying, "President Clinton seemed to
argue on '60 Minutes' that the ultimate fate of the Branch Davidians
weeks later, during the final gas assault by the FBI, was somehow
morally justified by what happened to the ATF agents who were killed in
the botched initial surprise assault."14/
Why Have Reno
and Clinton Supported the Coverup?
In its October 12, 1993 editorial, "The Waco Whitewash," the
New York Times wrote, "the report is silent on the most glaring
deficiency of the tragic episode: the lack of judgement at the top and
the reasons for it." As the top law enforcement personnel in the
nation, it is likely Clinton and Reno supported FBI officials'
rationale--the maintenance of "law and order." Columnist Paul Craig
Roberts commented, "If the Branch Davidians could hold out, others might
get the same idea. Heavens, people might stop paying their taxes.
There was too much rebellion in the defiance of authority."15/
Moreover, Clinton and Reno doubtless needed to cover up their
own inexperience and incompetence in dealing with aggressive and devious
FBI officials and agents. Former Black Panther Eldridge Cleaver writes:
"The sin of Clinton and Reno is not that they conceived and perpetrated
this dastardly carnage, but that their response to it was that of weak
rulers who are captives of the power they are supposed to wield, as
opposed to the masters of power, who would have pulled the plugs, kicked
ass from Washington to Waco, and rolled bureaucratic heads for days.
Clinton and Reno closed ranks with their culpable underlings, as is the
wont of tyrants, even though these particular underlings were hangers-on
from the Reagan/Bush regime. They sided with the power perpetrators
against their weak and powerless victims."16/
Finally, we cannot discount the possibility BATF, and
especially the FBI, intimidated both Clinton and Reno into covering up
for their crimes. The FBI probably has a good deal of "dirt" on Bill
Clinton and his friends. Treasury Department reviewer Henry S. Ruth, Jr.,
a former Watergate prosecutor, told a national television audience that
the FBI has not been "held accountable, in the way other agencies have
been held accountable. And part of this again goes back to the magic of
J. Edgar Hoover and the mystique he created and the fear he created
among the political apparatus in Washington."17/
FBI AND BATF
CRIME SCENE COVERUP
The
FBI's disregard for preserving the "crime scene" only increased after
the April 19th fire. BATF was deeply involved in this coverup.
April 19th
Destruction of Evidence
By now it seems clear that the FBI's gas and tank attacks
themselves were a successful effort to cause massive destruction and
destroy evidence. The FBI claims that once the fire started it held
back the fire engines in order to protect fire personnel from Davidian
gunfire. However, it is more likely that they wanted to ensure that
Mount Carmel--and all its bullet-pocket walls and roofs--was completely
burned and destroyed before allowing fire trucks near it.
Just to make sure no evidence survived, FBI tanks plowed it
into the fire. CNN news footage shows tanks pushing the last standing
two story wall into the fire. Network footage replayed in both "Waco,
the Big Lie" videos clearly shows several tanks equipped with bulldozer
blades repeatedly and systematically pushing the remaining debris into
the flaming rubble.
Despite questions from the press and attorneys, the FBI has
never bothered to give the American people an explanation for this
systematic destruction of evidence. In response to a defense attorney's
question at trial, R. J. Craig explained that at one point he was
"dragging burning timber out of the area" of the buried bus in case
anyone was trying to escape down into it.18/
FBI and BATF
Really Controlled the Crime Scene
While Texas Rangers, who had been deputized as federal
marshals by U.S. Attorneys, were technically in control of the "crime
scene" after the fire, it is clear FBI agents were really in control.
News footage shows FBI and BATF agents and other uniformed personnel all
over the scene right after the fire. At trial Texas Ranger David
Byrnes, who was in charge of the investigation, revealed that Rangers
started taking over the scene "around 3:00 p.m.," two hours after the
fire was over.19/
The Justice report admits the FBI provided substantial
assistance to the Texas Rangers in combing through the crime scene and
collecting evidence.20/ The Justice report reveals that one BATF
firearms and explosives experts collected evidence after the fire; the
Treasury report mentions several.21/
At trial Texas Ranger Fred Cummings acknowledged the BATF bomb
squad was there on April 19th and 20th. Cummings also revealed FBI
"laboratory" people helped him decide what evidence was significant
enough to be collected, as opposed to being thrown in the big trash
dumpster. Cummings revealed the trash was hauled off before defense
attorneys had the opportunity to inspect it.22/ During CNN coverage of
Bob Ricks' afternoon press conference, a live video feed from the site
showed a large "U-Haul" truck pull up to the smoking ruins. At trial
this was revealed to be an FBI-rented truck for removing evidence.23/
We only can wonder how much important evidence of BATF and FBI crimes
ended up in the dumpster or the U-Haul truck.
Texas Rangers were not sufficiently careful in overseeing
collection of evidence. As we have seen, some evidence, like half of
the two front doors and the phone line, was never found. The small
building next to the water tower was not checked for evidence until
April 25th, six days after the fire--and after Graeme Craddock told
authorities he had left a possibly live grenade there. Another
allegedly live grenade was found in clothing left by Davidians an entire
day after yet another allegedly live grenade was found in nearby
clothing.
FBI or BATF agents even stole valuables from the ruins. Texas
Ranger Johnny Waldrip confirmed that after the fire Rangers found an
unopened church safe containing more than $50,000 in cash, gold coins,
spools of platinum and personal valuables. Rangers turned the safe over
to the FBI--but it never showed up on the FBI evidence list.24/
Defense attorney Dan Cogdell commented that it was mere
"window dressing" to have the Texas Rangers put in charge of the
criminal investigation. "It's stretching it to say they are bringing
any kind of true independent judgement. They are in charge, but Federal
agents are dissecting the crime scene and cross-checking all the
evidence."25/
Whatever little separation there was between state and federal
officials quickly ended. The New York Times reported that in "an
apparent shift in policy" the evidence from Mount Carmel would be
shipped to FBI laboratories. The Times noted that originally officials
conducting the fire investigation "said that they were using private
laboratories in an effort to avoid any appearance of conflict of
interest that might arise from a Federal laboratory making conclusions
about evidence in a case in which Federal agents' actions were being
questioned." The Texas Ranger spokesperson told him "if you are
concerned about a conflict of interest, you should talk to the U.S.
Attorney's office." However, when he tried to do so, Justice Department
spokesperson Carl Stern told him, "All the shifts in police (sic) I know
of, are the ones you invented."26/ At trial, FBI weapons expert James
Cadigan conceded that the Texas Rangers did in fact have facilities
adequate to analyze all information.27/
May 12, 1993
Bulldozing of Remaining Evidence
Two weeks after the release of the "independent" fire
investigators' report, but before Branch Davidian attorneys could send
in their own fire investigators, bulldozers rolled across the burned
rubble of Mount Carmel Center. SAC Jeff Jamar defended this action.
"They're just filling holes so people won't fall in the pits. That's
just part of taking care of the scene." Texas Rangers said bulldozing
was necessary so the Texas Health and Water departments could begin work
at the site. However, the Department did not do the work until the
summer of 1994.
Bulldozers also smashed and crumbled the concrete room,
destroying evidence that a roof cave-in killed several people, and moved
around what little evidence remained. Attorney Jack Zimmermann said, "I
guess what it does, it forever prevents any checking on the ATF's
rendition that the fire was intentionally set."28/ Defense Attorney
Jeff Kearney told reporters, "Government can say what they want now and
there's little physical evidence to dispute it."29/
July, 1994
Clean Up of Property
The Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission delayed
cleaning up Mount Carmel, including removing several inches of topsoil
allegedly contaminated with lead from bullets, until mid-1994. In the
spring of 1994 KPOC-TV investigators discovered that the autopsy reports
of forty-eight Davidians revealed lethal doses of cyanide. Noting that
cyanide is a by-product of burning CS gas, Davidians obtained a court
order allowing them to obtain soil samples from Mount Carmel just days
before the soil--possible evidence of FBI crimes--was to be removed.
Details of the findings were not available at publication.
FIRE
INVESTIGATION COVERUP
The
Justice report asserts that Texas Rangers assembled a team of
"independent" fire investigators to determine the cause of the fire.30/
However, at trial Captain David Byrnes, head of the Texas Rangers
investigation, testified that he himself did not put the fire
investigation team together. Considering that he was deputized by and
working for the U.S. Attorneys office, we must assume someone in that
office actually chose the fire investigation team.31/
Head of Team
Was BATF Sympathizer
The head of the supposedly independent fire investigation team
was Paul C. Gray, Assistant Chief of the Houston Fire Department.
However, Gray had close ties to BATF. He had served as a member of
BATF's National Arson Response Team and taught classes for BATF agents.
And his wife was a secretary in BATF's Houston office. Not
surprisingly, BATF officials recommended him for the job.32/ At trial
fire investigator Bill Cass stated he also had worked with BATF in
previous fire investigations.33/
Attorney Jack Zimmermann revealed, "From 1982 to 1990, [Gray's]
office was on Imperial Valley Drive, in the ATF office. . .He carried a
card that identified himself as a special agent of ATF. He handed that
card out to people when he interviewed witnesses."34/ Finally, Gray had
socialized with BATF agent Steve Willis, who was killed February 28th,
and attended his funeral.35/
Zimmermann writes that Paul Gray asked Zimmermann and Dick
DeGuerin to aid in his investigation. The attorneys told Gray that
because of his close ties to BATF they could not participate unless
Texas Rangers asked them to do so. Otherwise, "Dick DeGuerin and I
would not lend our credibility to the anticipated report." In response,
Gray called an unscheduled press conference for that same day and
announced that the fire was started by the "cultists."36/
Zimmermann immediately criticized Gray's conclusion that
Davidians set the fires. "Until I see the evidence from an independent,
impartial expert, I choose to believe the firsthand account of
eyewitnesses who were in the center who said there was no fire started
by the Branch Davidians."37/
Gray Withheld
Evidence from Other Investigators
At trial Bill Cass, one of the three fire investigators called
to the stand, revealed that Paul Gray actually had withheld from other
members of the fire investigation team important evidence that a fire
started in the gymnasium. Gray showed investigators infrared video
taken only from noon on, evidently not showing them the 11:59:16 a.m.
photograph which displays an obvious heat plume in the gymnasium. Cass
acknowledged that he had not noticed--and Gray had not pointed out to
other investigators--the 12:08:17 and 12:08:22 flashes in the window of
the gymnasium's dog run. Gray also withheld from investigators the fact
that the official FBI log entries revealed that FBI observers reported
seeing fire at the back of Mount Carmel Center right after tanks
collapsed the gymnasium.38/
Cass revealed that Gray, who took responsibility for
investigating the flammability of CS gas, did not tell other
investigators that manufacturers warn the gas is flammable. The Fire
Report, based on Paul Gray's "research," repeatedly mis-identifies the
gas used as the more toxic "CN" gas. And Gray asserts, "We are of the
opinion that this fire was not caused by nor was it intensified by any
chemicals present in the tear-gassing operation."39/
Cass confessed that he personally had not made a time study of
the fire's start or progression and relied on Gray's interpretation.40/
Gray's withholding evidence suggests that the government believes it was
the action of its tanks that started the fire in the gymnasium.
Under cross-examination fire investigator Andrew Armstrong
conceded that he took Gray's word for it that clothing, wood, carpet and
other samples he tested for flammables did in fact come from the area
Gray claimed they did.41/ Finally, fire investigator James Quintiere
confessed that while he met with other investigators right after the
fire in Waco, he did not read any of their reports or use them to draw
his conclusions about the spread of the fire. He did not reveal if this
was because Gray withheld such information from him.42/
Gray never directed investigators to interview fire survivors,
something done routinely in other fires. At trial fire investigator
Bill Cass admitted he had not spoken to any survivors, including David
Thibodeau or Derek Lovelock, two fire survivors who were not under
indictment. However, he did speak to Davidian Donald Bunds who was
cooperating with authorities, but was not at Mount Carmel during the
siege or fire. When asked if he had spoken to survivors, investigator
James Quintiere said, "absolutely not."43/
Fire Report
Distorted Evidence
Despite the video footage of the damage to the building done
by tanks and the extensive survivor testimony to their attorneys about
people being trapped by falling debris, blocked stairways, caved-in
walls, and rapidly spreading smoke and fire, the Fire Report concludes:
"Considering the observable means of exit available, we must assume that
many of the occupants were either denied escape from within or refused
to leave until escape was not an option."44/
The Fire Report notes that fuel containers were found in the
ruins, and flammble liquids were found on survivors shoes and clothes,
without mentioning that Davidians were dependent on flammable fuel after
the FBI turned off electricity and that it was spilled during the April
19th raid. It infers that any flammables found at the scene were
present only for purposes of arson.45/
The Fire Report attempts to debunk what it calls "another
theoretical explanation reported by the media," i.e., that tanks
rupturing "a propane cylinder or flammable liquid container" started the
fire. It does not reveal that survivors' blamed tanks knocking over
lanterns. The Fire Report claims, "if this had happened, an immediate
vapor air explosion or flash fire would have occurred involving the
vehicle itself. It did not happen."46/ However, the report ignores the
possibility that tanks smashing down walls and pushing around debris
could knock over a lantern without coming into contact with any fire
caused by the accident.
The report states, "This investigation establishes that these
fires occurred in areas significantly distant from each other and in a
time frame that precludes any assumption of a single ignition source or
accidental cause."47/ In his April 26, 1993 press conference, Gray told
reporters, "We believe it was intentionally set by persons inside the
compound."48/
However, Gray and Fire Report deny the obvious: that a last
barrage of tank attacks occurred in separate locations within the three
minute period during which the fires began; that even one 50-ton tank
smashing deep inside a rickety wooden building filled with dozens of
lighted lanterns could start two or three fires in separated parts of a
building; and that one fire could have raced around a flammable-laden
building filled with natural flues. At trial fire investigator Bill
Cass admitted he never before had to take into consideration the effect
of several 50-ton tanks smashing repeatedly into a home within a five
minute period.49/
During his press conference, Paul Gray claimed, "I do believe
that a person could have survived the fire. I could speculate that
there was ample room in the open pit area for everybody to have gotten
into."50/ However, this statement directly contradicts what Gray put in
his own report regarding the buried bus that served as a tunnel to the
open pit or tornado shelter: "It is also possible that the escape route
planned included the aforementioned tunnel system accessible through an
opening in the floor at the west end of the building. A significant
amount of structural debris was found in this area indicating that the
breaching operations could have caused this route to be blocked."51/
JUSTICE
DEPARTMENT COVERUP
Justice Department officials--especially Attorney General Janet Reno and
Webster Hubbell--were involved much more deeply in the disastrous
decisions at Waco than were their Treasury Department counterparts who
approved the original BATF raid. And their actions resulted in far more
deaths--76 people, 23 of them children. Moreover, President Clinton
approved the April 19th assault "on the record" and may have had "off
the record" communications with Webster Hubbell and others. Therefore,
the Clinton White House and the Justice Department were motivated to
conduct a much more systematic coverup of errors and crimes than was the
Treasury Department.
Possible
Coverup of Clinton's Role
As mentioned previously President Bill Clinton's close
friends Assistant to the Attorney General Webster Hubbell, Deputy
Secretary of the Treasury Roger Altman, White House Counsel Bernard
Nussbaum and Deputy Counsel Vince Foster all were involved in Waco
decision-making. Vince Foster committed suicide in July, 1993. The
other three have resigned because of investigations into possible
illegal Clinton fundraising and business dealings associated with the
Madison Guaranty Savings and Loan Association and the Whitewater
Development Corporation--the "Whitewater" affair.
Despite several indepth media investigations of Foster's
death, it was not until May of 1995 an FBI interview was released in
which Foster's widow admitted that the standoff in Waco had caused
Foster "a great deal of stress," that he was "horrified" by the outcome
and that he thought it was "his fault." This puts a new light on his
claim that "the FBI lied in their report" to Janet Reno, since he may
have been referring to their tricking her into approving their gassing
plan. It also raises questions about whether any Waco-related files
secretly were removed from Foster's office after his death.52/
In the summer of 1994 it was revealed that Roger Altman had
alerted his close friend Bill Clinton to the status of "Whitewater"
investigations as early as March, 1993--despite his earlier assertions
to Congress that he knew nothing about efforts to alert Clinton until
late 1993. Because so many believed Altman lied to Congress to cover up
for his crony Clinton, he resigned his Treasury Department position in
August, 1994. Clinton then gave Altman a low visibility White House
job.53/
On December 6, 1994 Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr
announced that Webster Hubbell had pled guilty to defrauding Rose law
firm clients, including two government agencies, of $390,000 through "phony
expenses and inflated fees." Facing up to 10 years in prison for his
crimes, Hubbell cooperated with the Independent Counsel in the separate
Whitewater investigation.
FBI background checks on Hubbell before his confirmation,
which were ongoing during the siege at Waco, supposedly turned up
nothing about the law firm's allegations against Hubbell--even though
these were several months old. The FBI "will likely do an internal
review" as to why the background check did not reveal this information.
We must wonder if this is some of the "dirt" FBI agents or officials
held back to bully Hubbell and Clinton into condoning and covering up
for the massacre of the Davidians.54/
Presidential Advisor Bruce Lindsey, who also was involved in
Waco decision-making, was a senior partner at a law firm which received
hundreds of thousands of dollars in bond counsel fees from the Arkansas
Development Finance Authority. Allegedly doing business with the
Authority was a form of "payoff" for Clinton supporters. Whitewater
Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr considered, but declined, to indict
Lindsey for violating federal bank laws.55/
Many suspect that Clinton-Altman-Hubbell-Foster-Lindsay
cronyism might extend to covering up errors or crimes related to the
massacre of the Davidians, such as: whether Altman conveyed any secret
messages from BATF raid leader Bill Buford to Clinton; whether Hubbell
had some outside-the-chain-of-command contact with Clinton throughout
the siege and on April 19th; whether Hubbell helped withhold David
Koresh's April 14th promise-to-surrender letter from Reno; whether
Hubbell, Foster and Lindsay had any improper role in Waco
decision-making; whether Hubbell knew about possible Davidian plans to
pursue a fiery defense against tanks; and whether Hubbell approved the
decision to proceed with the demolition that led to the April 19th fire.
Justice
Department Attempted to Forgo Full Investigation
President Clinton appointed Phillip B. Heymann, a Harvard Law
School professor who had been nominated to be Deputy Attorney General,
to lead the Justice Department investigation. However, in May, 1993 the
New York Times reported that the not-yet-confirmed Heymann told an
interviewer that investigators would not look at the decision to assault
Mount Carmel with tanks and tear gas and that "Department officials have
not yet decided whether even to pose questions to Ms. Reno." Heymann
stated the report would not "be the ultimate truth about what
happened." Other unnamed officials "concluded that nothing could be
gained by looking more closely at her order to carry out the
assault."56/
The day after the story appeared, and after several
congressional representatives criticized this revelation, the Justice
Department contended that Heymann "had erred" and that there would be a
full investigation. The most revealing reason given was that Heymann's
"remarks reflected a division within the Justice Department about how
closely it should look at the events, with some high officials arguing
forcefully that the inquiry should be more limited, to focus only on
what should be done in future cases."57/
Review Team
and Outside Expert Conflicts of Interest
It is questionable whether Deputy Attorney General Heymann or
Assistant to the Attorney General Richard Scruggs, working as they did
under Attorney General Janet Reno, could do any independent
investigation of errors in Justice Department or FBI decision-making or
actions. The most noted conflict of interest was Heymann's appointing
another former head of the Justice Department's Criminal Division,
Edward S.G. Dennis, Jr., to be the chief reviewer of the government's
procedures, decisions and actions in Waco. (Dennis also oversaw the
investigation of the Philadelphia police department's bombing of MOVE in
1985.) This choice came under scathing attack by William Safire who
noted that Dennis was in charge of the botched investigation of Banca
Lavoro and its relation to Iraq-gate: "Ms. Reno's Criminal Division
directed Atlanta prosecutors to shoot down the explosive case with a
plea bargain, avoiding a public trial that would have exposed the
machinations of the Bush-Thornburgh-Dennis crowd. How could Ed Dennis
not be grateful? His judgment about the Waco fiasco: `there is no place
in the evaluation for blame, and I find no fault.' One hand whitewashes
the other."58/
No Testimony
Taken Under Oath
Deputy Attorney General Phillip B. Heymann told reporters the
review group did "not have the authority to issue subpoenas or grant
immunity but could refer findings of wrongdoing for criminal
prosecution."59/ Presumably, this means that agents and officials were
not interviewed under oath. The Justice Department report makes no
reference at all to these issues. Some of the FBI agents or officials
who testified before congressional committees were not sworn in and
still could be prosecuted were it proved they had lied to Congress.
Review Team
Withheld Information from Outside Experts
The Justice Department review team withheld damaging
information from the Justice Department's panel of ten outside experts
and even from its chief overseer, Edward Dennis. This included, of
course, all and any previously mentioned missing physical evidence and
withheld audio and video tapes. This also included information about CS
gas, the early March memoranda prepared by FBI experts Smerick and Young
advising the FBI not to harass the Branch Davidians, and David Koresh's
April 14, 1993 promise-to-surrender letter.
Alan Stone complained to one reporter that when he asked for
information on CS gas, the FBI provided him only "ambiguous and
irrelevant material. . .even after the fact, the FBI and the Justice
Department have never acknowledged the true import of the C.S.
dangers."60/ On the May 15, 1995 "McNeil Lehrer News Hour," he spoke in
stronger terms, charging: "I feel the FBI has stonewalled me. . .I
believe they haven't been candid with me. . .I asked for material and I
got nothing by gobblygook."
Only experts Nancy Ammerman and Alan Stone even mention the
March, 1993 Smerick and Young memorandum. However, Nancy Ammerman
learned of them from speaking personally with Peter Smerick. And Alan
Stone, who withheld his report until he received all the information he
requested, refers to the Justice Department originally withholding them
from outside experts when he writes: "The evidence now available to me
indicates that, contrary to my previous understanding and that of the
other panelists, the FBI's Investigation Support Unit and trained
negotiators possessed the psychological/behavioral science expertise
they needed to deal with David Koresh and an unconventional group like
the Branch Davidians. . .Panelists may have been misled, as I was, by
FBI officials at the original briefings who conveyed the impression that
they considered David Koresh a typical criminal mentality and dealt with
him as such."61/
It is clear that Koresh's promise-to-surrender letter also was
never shown to the outside experts. Only Nancy Ammerman refers to the
letter.62/ However, she notes that she got her copy from Dr. James
Tabor, not from the Justice Department.63/
In his report, Lawrence E. Sullivan, Director of Harvard's
Center for the Study of World Religions, quotes at length from Koresh's
April 9th and 10th letters to the FBI, trying to find evidence that
Koresh would have come out--yet he never mentions the April 14th
promise-to-surrender letter. He also quotes extensively from an
earlier, defiant letter, which he was given at a Justice Department
briefing of the experts. "In the briefing the letter seems to play the
role of a last straw, measuring Koresh's intransigence and provoking the
FBI to escalate their interventions."64/ If that letter was presented
as the "last straw," doubtless it was also presented as the last letter.
The Justice Department evidently even withheld the letter from
the review team's chief overseer, Edward Dennis. In his lengthy report
Dennis refers only to the April 9th and 10th letters and Koresh's April
14th phone call.65/
Failure to
Report to Congress on Tampering with 9-1-1 Tapes
For the June 9, 1993 House Appropriations subcommittee
hearing, an FBI agent gave a committee staff member an excerpted tape of
the 9-1-1 calls between Lieutenant Larry Lynch and Davidians Wayne
Martin, David Koresh and Steve Schneider.66/ The tapes had been edited
into a 30 minute tape which Waco police said gave a "false impression of
how the events occurred."67/
If one compares the transcript of the tape in the hearing
record to the Treasury Department's minute-by-minute February 28th
chronology, one finds the tapes actually have been re-sequenced. The
section where Wayne Martin complains about helicopters shooting at him,
at approximately 10:05 a.m., has been moved until after David Koresh
calls 9-1-1 at 10:34 a.m.--after the helicopters withdrew from the
scene. This might be evidence that someone wanted to discredit Martin's
claims and cover up BATF's illegal shooting.
No Fault
Finding for FBI or Justice Department Errors or Crimes
At the October 8, 1993 press conference where the Justice
Department released the report, chief reviewer Edward Dennis stated, "I
find no fault in the performance of law enforcement during the standoff
and the tear gas assault." He asserted "speculation regarding them
coming out is irresponsible." Likewise, Deputy Attorney General Phillip
Heymann said, "We can't come out with a scapegoat when there's no severe
blame to be placed."68/
Reporters at the press conference asked Heymann if the Justice
report was a "whitewash," especially compared to the Treasury Department
report. Heymann answered that the Treasury report found "recklessness
(in the initial raid) followed by a coverup." He asserted that in the
FBI and Justice Department's handling of the Davidians, the "underlying
facts are different," i.e., there was no recklessness and coverup.69/
Attorney General Janet Reno said: "I'm always concerned about the
perception of a white-wash. But I don't go out to seek mea culpas and I
don't go out to seek [a report that says] we didn't do anything wrong.
I go out to seek the truth."70/
Outside expert Alan A. Stone disagreed, writing: "There is a
view within the FBI and in the official reports that suggests the
tragedy was unavoidable. This report is a dissenting opinion from that
view."71/ Nevertheless, a number of newspapers, including the New York
Times and the Washington Times labeled it a "whitewash."72/
Failure to
Discipline or Prosecute Agents or Officials
The Justice Department has taken no official action against
agents or officials related to their actions at Waco. FBI Director
Sessions was fired for other reasons in mid-1993. In late 1993 the FBI
quietly replaced FBI Hostage Rescue Team commander Richard Rogers.
Several other high officials have retired or been moved out of
Washington as Freeh replaced them with his own team. However, while
Freeh suspended Assistant FBI Director James Fox for violating repeated
judicial admonitions to refrain from commenting on the World Trade
Center bombing to the news media, he has taken no action against FBI
agents involved in the deaths of 76 Davidian men, women and
children.73/ It seems Freeh places a higher value on bureaucratic
control than on human life.
Failure to
Recommend Prosecutions in Weaver Case
There has been more press and congressional criticism of the
FBI's handling of the Randy Weaver case for several reasons: there was
less publicity surrounding the Weaver case and therefore less
anti-Weaver government disinformation; there was no attorney general
like Janet Reno to assume the blame, even as she effectively blamed the
victims; there was no way to pin the killing of Vicki Weaver on Randy
Weaver; and the FBI and Weaver prosecutors made sloppier mistakes in
covering up evidence of federal agent crimes. Despite this criticism,
the Justice Department and the FBI could not afford to prosecute, or
even harshly discipline, the FBI agents and officials in charge of the
Randy Weaver siege because these were the same individuals in charge at
Waco: former FBI Director William Sessions, former FBI Deputy Director
Floyd I. Clarke, Assistant Director for the Criminal Investigative
Division Larry Potts, and HRT commander Richard M. Rogers.
In July, 1993 the Justice Department began an investigation
into possible criminal misconduct on the part of FBI agents and
officials. Some members of the Hostage Rescue Team, including Richard
M. Rogers, refused to cooperate with investigators. Larry Potts, the
senior FBI official who would have had to approve the new rules of
engagement, told FBI investigators he did not remember giving Rogers a
clear go-ahead to change them. However, in the Justice Department
report Eugene Glenn, the FBI's on-site commander, swore to investigators
that Mr. Potts did approve the rules of engagement, as did Richard
Rogers.74/
Released in December, 1994 the 300 page report recommended
criminal charges against the responsible agents, i.e., Richard Rogers
and sniper Lon Horiuchi who shot Vicki Weaver. The report stated: "The
rules of engagement not only departed from the FBI's standard deadly
force policy, but also contradicted the Constitution of the United
States." However, the Justice Department's Office of Professional
Responsibility reviewed the report and concluded that the agents had not
committed crimes and should face only disciplinary action. Janet Reno
consulted the department's civil rights division which similarly
concluded criminal prosecutions were not warranted. This was despite
the fact that Idaho prosecutor Randall W. Day was considering
prosecuting Potts, Rogers, Horiuchi and Federal Marshals Arthur Roderick
and Lawrence Cooper for murder.75/
The Justice Department turned the matter over to Louis Freeh
for consideration of disciplinary measures. On January 6, 1995 Freeh
announced that 12 agents and officials would be disciplined with
measures ranging from letters of censure to a maximum of 15 day
suspensions. Larry Potts received a letter of censure for his "failure
to provide proper oversight with regard to the rules of engagement."
HRT commander Richard Rogers received a letter and 10 day suspension.
Lon Horiuchi was not disciplined at all. It has been noted widely that
the letters of censure are the same reprimand that Louis Freeh gave
himself for losing his FBI cellular phone. Deputy Attorney General
Jamie Gorelick approved Freeh's decision.76/
In May, 1995 FBI Director Freeh, with the approval of Janet
Reno, promoted Potts to Deputy Director, the second highest position in
the FBI. This disturbed many members of the public, press,
Congress--and even of the FBI. Senator Larry Craig of Idaho said, "I
expressed concern that to promote a person whose failure to act in a
constitutionally appropriate way resulted in the loss of life. . .flew
in the face of public sentiment. This relates to public concern about
government agencies being responsible." And FBI Salt Lake City FBI
chief Eugene Glenn, the Weaver site-commander, immediately wrote a
letter to the Justice Department challenging the FBI's investigation and
Pott's veracity. The Justice Department agreed to investigate
further.77/ However, it remains unlikely that Janet Reno's Justice
Department will prosecute for the Weaver murder those who are covering
up the even more damning massacre of the Branch Davidians.
DAVIDIAN
TRIAL CONTINUED THE COVERUP
The
January- February 1994 trial of eleven Branch Davidians for conspiracy
to murder federal officers and weapon charges was yet another coverup of
federal crimes against the Davidians. The judge was under investigation
by the Justice Department for the first half of the trial. Federal
prosecutors, appointed by and under the ultimate control of Attorney
General Janet Reno and Associate Attorney General Webster Hubbell,
repeatedly withheld evidence from the defense, condoned BATF's and the
FBI's tampering with or destroying evidence and improperly influenced
witnesses.
Despite the judge and prosecutors' best efforts to stifle the
Davidians' ability to present an adequate defense, the jury found all
Davidians completely innocent of the most serious charges, conspiracy to
murder, and aiding and abetting murder of, federal officers. Three were
found completely innocent and released. However, the judge's faulty
instructions, faulty juror forms and juror error resulted in eight
Davidians being convicted of crimes resulting in a total of 240 years
imprisonment.78/ Davidians are appealing the verdicts and sentences.
Prejudiced
Judge Frustrated Defense Efforts
U.S. District Judge Walter J. Smith, 54, presided over the
trial. Smith has a reputation for being pro-prosecution and imposing
the maximum sentence on defendants. Something sure to make Smith even
more pro-government is that during the trial he was under investigation
by the Justice Department for allegedly lying under oath during a civil
suit trial. Smith had testified for the defendant, a newspaper and
broadcasting company being sued for libel by a political opponent,
former McClellan County District Attorney Vic Feazell. In July of 1993,
Feazell filed a formal complaint against Smith for perjury because two
"facts" to which Smith testified were proved to be false. These
potentially career-ruining charges were hanging over Smith through the
first half of the trial. In early February, 1994 the Justice Department
"exonerated" Smith of the charges.79/ After this episode, Smith
doubtless felt he was indebted to the Justice Department.
Defense attorneys charged that because Judge Smith allowed
prosecutors to try defendants together, supposedly to save money, some
defendants could not get a fair trial. Such "group trials" overwhelm
the defense attorneys of usually indigent clients so they cannot present
an adequate defense. Prosecutors swamp juries with "conspiracy facts"
so they will not look at the paltry evidence against each defendant.
Judge Smith took the improper and possibly illegal step of
restricting public access to the names of all potential jurors in the
federal jury wheel for the Western District of Texas, a total of 16,000
individuals. He acknowledged his fear members of the Fully Informed
Jury Association (FIJA) would send potential jurors their literature
about jury rights--including the right of the jury to find defendants
innocent if they disagree with the law or feel that the government acted
improperly. Smith admitted he had heard "an organization" planned on
distributing leaflets to potential jurors about "how they should ignore
the law and follow their conscience."80/
Judge Smith took the unusual, but not improper, step of
sending out questionnaires to 300 eligible jurors and then, based on
their responses, choosing from those the 80 who would be subjected to
questioning and challenge by attorneys.81/ Smith inquired about
potential jurors' religious beliefs and asked: "Do you believe persons
other than law enforcement officers should be permitted to own
firearms?" Smith would not allow defense attorneys to see jurors'
answers to this and other leading questions, telling them questionnaires
would be bundled and could be reviewed only during appeals.82/
Declaring he would "not allow the government to be put on
trial," Judge Smith forbid defense attorneys from mentioning
self-defense, or asking questions, presenting evidence or calling
witnesses who could prove self-defense. This was despite the fact the
Davidians primary defense against all charges was that under statutory
and common law BATF's excessive force on February 28, 1993, gave the
Davidians the right to use armed force in self-defense. Only in closing
arguments did Smith allow mention of self-defense. Jury forewoman Sarah
Bain complained to a reporter about the withholding of evidence of
self-defense, "I feel that we were improperly used."83/
Judge Smith repeatedly squashed defense efforts to introduce
important evidence, including about the Davidians' legitimate fear of
attack, their peaceful pre-occupations, BATF's flawed raid plan, Kathryn
Schroeder's testimony that other Davidians told her they heard firing
from helicopters, Jaime Castillo's statements to a Texas Ranger that he
did not shoot on February 28th, portions of the 9-1-1 tape where
Davidians refer to helicopter attacks and their right to defend
themselves.84/
Judge Smith put up procedural roadblocks to prevent defense
attorneys from calling the BATF and FBI agents most knowledgeable about
and responsible for the aggressive BATF and FBI assaults on the
Davidians. And he restricted David Koresh's gun dealer and business
partner's testimony to a written statement "stipulated," i.e., approved,
by prosecutors.85/
Defense attorneys declined to call their most important
witnesses, the defendants themselves. They knew the judge would not
allow them to answer questions about BATF's attack on them and their
attempts to defend themselves, so the only answers they could have given
would have been self-incriminating.
Prosecutors
Helped Plan Assaults
Assistant U.S. Attorneys Bill Johnston, 34 and John Phinizy,
46, were prime motivators of the original BATF investigation. The
Treasury Department report alleged Johnston insisted BATF use a
paramilitary raid against the Davidians. The subject of whether he too
should be a witness and whether his desire to cover up his own errors
might lead to prosecutorial misconduct was a frequent subject of debate
early in the trial.
Ray Jahn, 50, who was named lead prosecutor, was formerly a
special counsel to, and had been good friends with, FBI Director William
Sessions. The Justice Department had consulted with Jahn regarding
their plans to gas Mount Carmel. Attorney Mike DeGeurin was so
disturbed by this fact that he asked for Jahn to be dismissed as a
prosecutor because he was a potential witness. The judge refused his
request.86/
Prosecutors
Withheld Important Evidence
In several motions for mistrial defense attorneys accused the
government of repeatedly violating the Brady and Jencks rules, which
require prosecutors to give defense attorneys adequate opportunity to
inspect all evidence before it is presented in court. Prosecutors
remained unfazed by evidence lost, destroyed or tampered with by BATF,
the FBI or other government agencies. The most flagrant examples
include:
* BATF and the FBI claimed they could not find one of the two
steel double front doors which might have proved that BATF shot a first
barrage of bullets at the unarmed David Koresh, critically wounding the
unarmed Perry Jones.
* The medical examiner claimed that Perry Jones' only gunshot
wound was to the mouth, despite Davidian claims--including those alluded
to by prosecution witness Kathryn Schroeder--that the unarmed Jones was
mortally wounded by BATF gunshots as he stood at the front door.
* Despite BATF officials' initial claim that BATF agents had
taken video of the first minutes of the February 28th raid, prosecutors
supported BATF's claim that in the first minutes of the raid BATF
equipment both in the undercover house across the street and in the
helicopters not been operated.
* Prosecutors did not tell the defense in advance that several
BATF agents had changed their testimony from that first given defense
attorneys, including regarding whether anyone had yelled search warrant,
had seen David Koresh in the door or had shot dogs in the first minutes
of the raid. Their new testimony was much more damaging to the
Davidians.
* Prosecutors did not tell Livingstone Fagan's attorney in
advance that two agents would testify that Fagan had shot at them. Only
after BATF agent Evers testified that Livingstone Fagan had shot him did
prosecutors turn over to Fagan's attorney evidence that cast doubt on
that testimony--a copy of the photo lineup Texas Rangers had shown the
agent in March of 1993. Next to the photo of Fagan, Evers had written,
"unsure if identified from shooting or TV." Even Judge Smith criticized
the prosecution for withholding this evidence.87/
* Prosecutors disclosed only on the morning of Kathryn
Schroeder's testimony that Texas Rangers had a transcript of her
original March, 1993 statement to them. Her statement clearly was
different from testimony prosecutors gave defense attorneys. Schroeder
then admitted on the stand that she had lied to authorities.
* Prosecutors would allow a defense attorney's weapons expert
to inspect allegedly illegal machineguns only by looking at them through
their plastic wrappings. The government has proved to no one outside of
law enforcement that these weapons were illegal. This adds to
suspicions that prosecutors and FBI weapons experts falsely claimed that
some or all legal weapons were illegal ones--or that agents converted
some legal weapons to illegal ones in BATF or FBI laboratories.
Prosecutors
Intimidated and Influenced Witnesses
Prosecutors intimidated two Davidian women, Kathryn Schroeder
and Marjorie Thomas, into testifying against other Davidians. They
threatened to use the (often dubious) accusations of Davidian Victorine
Hollingsworth, an elderly woman from England who turned against David
Koresh after leaving Mount Carmel in March, 1993. Hollingsworth claimed
Thomas, who was badly burned in the fire, carried a weapon during the
siege. (No other Davidian facing only that accusation was prosecuted.)
Hollingsworth claimed that Schroeder carried a gun during the
February 28th raid. Prosecutors also told Schroeder they had a BATF
witness who would testify to seeing gunfire coming from her room.
Fearful this evidence would lead to a life sentence, and separate her
forever from her four children, Schroeder cooperated with prosecutors.
At this point Hollingsworth and the agent withdrew their allegations
against Schroeder.88/
Prosecutors obviously coached Hollingsworth at trial. She
testified with confidence that she had seen various individuals carrying
guns during or after the February raid. However, when one attorney read
aloud her statement to Texas Rangers taken shortly after she left Mount
Carmel in March, the transcript showed that Hollingsworth was very
confused and unsure about who was carrying guns or of the difference
between a handgun and a rifle.89/
Prosecutors may have influenced witness Bradley Rogans, a
23-year-old serving three eight-year sentences on drug-related charges.
Rogans testified he befriended defendant Renos Avraam for almost a week
at a Texas jail and that Avraam made incriminating statements about
carrying and aiming an automatic weapon. Later it was revealed that
Rogans had spent only one day at that facility and was paroled the next
day.90/ During closing arguments Carroll inferred that Rogans had lied,
calling him "an evidence-tampering, three-time felon, 23 years old,
paroled the next day."91/
Defense attorneys accused prosecutors of coaching prosecution
witnesses, in part to cover up their own misdeeds. Early in the trial
FBI agent James Cadigan made the dramatic statement, "I have not seen
that many firearms or that quantity of ammunition outside a firearms
munitions plant." An angry defense attorney asserted that his testimony
had been "rehearsed." Cadigan admitted, "I have discussed my testimony
with the prosecution."92/ While prosecution witnesses all met at least
once with prosecutors, twenty or more federal agents scheduled to
testify attended a November, 1993, pre-trial meeting with
prosecutors.93/ Doubtless they received more coaching, plus a subtle
reminder that they must all hang together--or some might hang
separately.
Paltry and
Questionable Evidence Against Convicted Davidians
Most, but not all, of the Davidians identified as carrying a
gun on February 28, 1993 were prosecuted. Those who only were accused
of having carried a gun during the siege, including David Thibodeau,
Rita Riddle and Derek Lovelock, were not prosecuted. Besides the not
entirely credible evidence presented by the three Davidian prosecution
witnesses, federal agents and a "jailhouse snitch," the most significant
evidence against three defendants was their own truthful testimony to
Texas Rangers after they left Mount Carmel. There was no credible
testimony that any Davidian carried an illegal automatic weapon on
February 28th or during the siege; Kathryn Schroeder did allege she
herself carried one. What follows is listed the paltry and dubious
evidence against eight Davidian prisoners, mostly related to self-defense
against the 76 BATF agents who shot machineguns, threw dangerous
flash-bang grenades and even fired from a helicopter on February 28,
1993.
Renos Avraam, 31, a British business-man of Greek heritage,
joined the Davidians in 1991 and escaped the fire. Evidence presented
against him was: Marjorie Thomas saw him with a gun during the siege;
Kathryn Schroeder alleged Avraam told her he fired a gun February 28th
and manned a .50 caliber gun during the siege; Bradley Rogans alleged
Avraam confessed that he had a fully automatic weapon, that he was a
good shot and that he had aimed his gun; an FBI agent testified he saw
Avraam drop a pistol off the roof as he was escaping, but a Texas Ranger
said he found no such pistol anywhere near where the gun would have
fallen.94/
Brad Branch, 36, a Navy veteran and technician and frequent
visitor to Mount Carmel, left during the siege. Evidence presented
against him was: Marjorie Thomas said she saw him with a gun on February
28th and heard him claim he had shot someone; Victorine Hollingsworth
said she heard Branch say "something like. . .One nearly got me and I
got one," but that he was defending the women and children.95/
Jaime Castillo, 27, a California musician, joined the
Davidians in 1988 and escaped the fire. Evidence presented against him
was: Marjorie Thomas saw him with a gun February 28th; Kathryn Schroeder
saw him with an AK-47 during the siege but did not know if it was
automatic; Texas Ranger Gary de los Santos testified Castillo said he
had three different guns on February 28th; a BATF agent testified
Castillo kept a gun pointed on her and other armed agents as they helped
a wounded agent in the court yard. (The judge would not allow jury to
hear that Castillo also told the Ranger that he had hid on the floor
during the gun battle, he had seen Winston Blake dead on the floor or
that he did not point his gun at the female agent.)96/
Graeme Craddock, 34, an engineer from Australia, had been at
Mount Carmel a year and escaped the fire. Evidence presented against
him was: Kathryn Schroeder saw him with a gun on February 28th; Marjorie
Thomas saw him with a gun during the siege; his testimony to a Texas
Ranger and a grand jury that he had a gun on February 28th but did not
fire it and that David Koresh gave Craddock what he said was a live
grenade; his admission he left the grenade in the concrete building next
to the water tower.97/
Livingstone Fagan, 37, a British minister and father of two,
left during the siege to be spokesperson for the group. His wife Yvette
and mother Doris died during the fire. Schroeder saw him with a gun
February 28th; Hollingsworth claimed Fagan said he shot an agent who was
shooting at him; two BATF agents gave questionable testimony Fagan had
shot at them outside the building. However, Hollingsworth testified she
saw another black man, now deceased, in the place where agents claim
they saw Fagan; two defendants similarly could have testified that man
was not Fagan, had it not been a group trial; a BATF agent said the
black man shooting looked like a large man--Fagan is a small man.98/
Paul Fatta, 35, a Hawaiian business-man, father of one and
long time Davidian, was at a gun show in Austin on February 28th.
Evidence presented against him was: government allegation two guns Fatta
purchased had been converted to illegal automatics; Kathryn Schroeder's
testimony other Davidians--but not Fatta--later converted some guns to
illegal machineguns.99/
Ruth Riddle, 31, a Canadian member for several years, who
escaped the fire with David Koresh's first chapter of the Seven Seals.
Her husband Jimmy Riddle died on April 19th. Thomas and Schroeder saw
her with a gun February 28th; she admitted to authorities she gave her
rifle to another Davidian during the shootout.100/
Kevin Whitecliff, 33, a father of two from Hawaii, had been at
Mount Carmel a year and left during the siege. Evidence presented
against him was: Marjorie Thomas said he claimed he said he had shot
someone; Kathryn Schroeder alleged he told her he shot at helicopters
which Davidians say were firing on the building.101/
Judge's
Faulty Instructions Led to Convictions
Judge Smith gave the jurors a sixty-seven-page "Court's
Instruction to the Jury" setting out the charges and the specific rules
of law which they should use in determining innocence or guilt. Jury
forewoman Sarah Bain complained after the trial that Judge Smith had
never informed the jury that they might request relevant evidence that
had not been presented. She said, "If I knew we could ask for missing
evidence, I would've done so then." She particularly was concerned that
prosecutors had presented only the search and arrest warrants at trial,
and not the affidavits. She said jurors had looked for them among the
"ton of paperwork," but never found them.102/
On February 26, 1994 jurors found all eleven Davidians
innocent of the First Count of the indictment, conspiracy to murder
federal agents, and of the Second Count, aiding and abetting murder of
federal agents. Three Davidians were acquitted of all charges. Judge
Smith did find sufficient evidence that Davidians had acted in self-defense
to allow defense attorneys to bring it up in final arguments and to
include self-defense as a defense against the charges of murder of
federal agents. Jurors believed Davidians did in fact act in self
defense. Jury forewoman Sarah Bain said the one hour 9-1-1 tape--which
jurors specifically asked to hear again in the jury room--was the most
impressive evidence to jurors that Davidians had acted in
self-defense.103/ One juror told a reporter, "When we heard all that
testimony, there was no way we could find them guilty of murder. We
felt provocation was pretty evident."104/
Unfortunately, with the agreement of defense attorneys, Judge
Smith had added a new charge to the Second Count--aiding and abetting
voluntary manslaughter. (Most Davidian defendants did not find out
about the new charge until just before verdicts were read and were angry
about its being added.105/) Despite defense attorneys requests that he
do so, Smith did not instruct the jury on any grounds by which
defendants might be found innocent of this charge, i.e., self-defense.
Sarah Bain admits that the lack of any defense instruction forced jurors
to find five Davidians--Renos Avraam, Brad Branch, Jaime Castillo,
Livingstone Fagan, and Kevin Whitecliff--guilty. She said jurors
believed aiding and abetting voluntary manslaughter was a minor charge
that would earn them little time beyond that served.106/ In fact, the
maximum sentence is ten years.
In his instructions to the jury, Judge Smith twice explicitly
tied Count Three, using or carrying a firearm during and in relation to
the commission of a crime of violence, only to Count One, conspiring to
murder federal agents. However, the jury did not read the instructions
very carefully and the connection between the charges was not specified
on the verdict form on which the jury relied. Confused jurors thought
they were finding seven Davidians--Renos Avraam, Brad Branch, Jaime
Castillo, Graeme Craddock, Livingstone Fagan, Ruth Riddle and Kevin
Whitecliff--guilty of carrying a weapon during the crime of aiding and
abetting voluntary manslaughter. Again, jurors thought this was a minor
charge for which Davidians would receive short sentences.107/ In fact,
the maximum sentence is 30 years. Sixty-nine-year-old juror Jeanette
Felger told a reporter, "I would never have voted that way if I had
known it was connected to Count One."108/
Smith admitted to defense attorneys this weapons verdict was
inconsistent, but refused to send the jury back to reconcile the
verdicts, insisting "that portion of the verdict simply cannot stand. .
.So, the Court will set that finding aside." Prosecutors did not
object.109/ Because Smith set the finding aside, defendants did not
exercise their right to "poll" the jury and see if each one did in fact
support the final verdict.
However, on February 28, 1994, prosecutors asked Smith to
reinstate the weapons verdicts. On March 9, 1994, in his Memorandum
Opinion and Order, Judge Smith did so, citing previous case law. Smith
argued he only had spoken "prospectively in terms of a future written
order" about setting the verdict aside, since he was unsure of the law
in this area.
Jurors also found Graeme Craddock guilty of possession of an
unregistered hand grenade despite the fact thate grenades was found six
days after the fire. Despite the lack of any evidence that Paul Fatta
was involved in illegaly converting weapons, jurors believed the
government's testimony that the guns bought by Fatta had in fact been
converted to illegal machineguns, and found him guilty of manufacturing
and conspiring to manufacture machineguns. Afterwards jury forewoman
Sarah Bain acknowledged that she herself was beginning to wonder if
prosecutors and government weapons experts lied about the weapons.110/
Judge Imposed
Maximum Sentences
Despite the jurors' belief Davidians should get little time
for the "minor charges" on which they convicted them, and letters from
two jurors requesting leniency, Judge Smith threw the book at the
Davidians. Smith claimed that Davidians did indeed engage in a
conspiracy to cause the death of federal agents, shot first at BATF and
murdered other Davidians--effectively rejecting the jurors' finding that
they were innocent of any such conspiracy.111/ Smith gave the five
convicted Davidians the maximum sentence, 10 years.
Smith also agreed with prosecutors' arguments that the
government can argue someone carried a machinegun, even if it was not
part of the original indictment. They cited the "fortress theory"--that
a defendant found in a place where a large number of weapons have been
accumulated can be assumed to have had access to all those guns, legal
and illegal. Until this time the fortress theory only had been used in
drug cases. Judge Smith found that all defendants had "constructive
possession" of automatic weapons and sentenced seven Davidians to a
total of 170 years.112/
Final sentences were: Renos Avraam, 40 years; Brad Branch, 40
years; Jaime Castillo, 40 years; Graeme Craddock, 20 years; Livingstone
Fagan, 40 years; Paul Fatta, 15 years; Ruth Riddle, 5 years; and Kevin
Whitecliff, 40 years. Prosecution witness Kathryn Schroeder later
received a three year sentence.
Davidian
Appeals for Justice
Six Davidians, Renos Avraam, Brad Branch, Graeme Craddock,
Jaime Castillo, Paul Fatta, and Kevin Whitecliff, immediately appealed
the verdicts and sentences. All retained their original attorneys
except Jaime Castillo who engaged weapons expert Stephen Halbrook.
Halbrook helped win the June, 1994 Staples vs. the United States court
case which protects gun owners who unwittingly come into possession of
an illegal weapon. Ruth Riddle, who had received a reduced sentence of
five years, did not appeal, fearing judges might comply with any
prosecution request and increase her sentence. Livingstone Fagan, who
faced a rigged trial with government witnesses who lied about him and a
judge who effectively prevented witnesses from testifying on his behalf,
expressed his contempt by refusing to appeal his 40 year sentence.
(However, should other Davidians' appeals succeed, in part or in full,
Riddle and Fagan would have avenues of legal recourse.)
Five Davidians are appealing for new trials or dismissal of
verdicts for the aiding and abetting manslaughter charge based on: the
judge's failure to instruct the jury as to any defense for the
manslaughter charge; presentation of insufficient evidence to justify
the verdicts. They are appealing for dismissal of the weapons charge
based on: the fact that Title 18 924(c)(1) clearly specifies that the
defendant must be "convicted" of the first crime (i.e., conspiracy to
murder in the Davidians' case) before they can be convicted of using a
firearm in relation to the crime; the fact Judge Smith stated he would
"set aside" the charge and then reinstated it, a possible case of double
jeopardy. If those arguments fail, they ask for reduced sentences based
on: the fact that Davidians were not indicted for or convicted of
possession or use of machineguns; the lack of evidence any Davidians
carried illegal weapons; the sentences' inconsistency with the June,
1994 Staples vs. U.S. case which holds that the government must prove an
individual knew he or she was in possession of an illegal weapon. Two
Davidians are basing their call for dismissal of the grenade and
automatic weapons charges against them on insufficient evidence.
After the verdicts were announced, jury forewoman Sarah Bain
went on a number of radio talk shows to protest Judge Smith's actions in
the case. Bain told one reporter, "The federal government was
absolutely out of control there. We spoke in the jury room about the
fact that the wrong people were on trial, that it should have been the
ones that planned the raid and orchestrated it and insisted on carrying
out this plan who should have been on trial."113/
FOOTNOTES
1. Brad
Branch interview, CNN, April 19, 1993.
2. Jack B. Zimmermann, Esq. paper, "The Legacy of Waco: The
Demise of ATF and Justice Department Integrity," 1993.
3. William Sessions interview, CNN, April 19, 1993; ABC-TV
Special "Waco: The Decision to Die," April 20, 1993.
4. "FBI Agent Suggests Koresh was killed by vengeful aide,"
Dallas Morning News, September 5, 1993.
5. Stephen Labaton, "U.S. Opens Up to Avoid Backlash on Cult
Attack," New York Times, April 22, 1993, B13.
6. Steve McVicker, July 22, 1993.
7. Stephen Labaton, April 22, 1993, B13.
8. "Poll: Most supported first raid," USA Today, April 21,
1993, A3.
9. Mark Mayfield, "Poll: 93% blame Koresh," USA Today, April
21, 1993, A1.
10. Elizabeth Drew, On the Edge: The Clinton Presidency, (New
York: Simon & Schuster), p. 131.
11. Stephen Labaton, "Officials Contradict One Another on
Rationale for Assault on Cult," New York Times, April 21, 1993, A1.
12. Federal News Service transcription of April 20, 1993 press
conference.
13. Elizabeth Drew, p. 133.
14. Jerry Seper, "Reviewer disputes Clinton on Waco,"
Washington Times, April 27, 1995.
15. Paul Craig Roberts, "Rallying Round Reno," Washington
Times, May 7, 1993.
16. Eldridge Cleaver, "Waco: Bill Clinton's Bay of Pigs," in
James R. Lewis, Editor, pgs. 235-36.
17. "American Justice" program, "Attack at Waco," August 3,
1994.
18. Trial transcript, p. 5539.
19. Ibid. p. 610.
20. Justice Department report, pgs. 308-09.
21. Ibid. p. 228; Treasury Department report, p. 128.
22. Trial transcript, pgs. 1080-81, 1087-88.
23. Ibid. p. 617.
24. James L. Pate, July, 1994, p. 49; trial transcript, p.
6847.
25. Michael deCourcy Hinds, "Arson Investigators Say Cult
Members Started Fire," New York Times, April 27, 1993.
26. Michael deCourcy Hinds, April 28, 1993, A16.
27. Trial transcript, pgs. 1244-7.
28.
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