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Summary:
Ogan worked as a DEA informant in the Houston area. Despite explicit
instructions to possess no deadly weapons, Ogan stepped out of his
motel after an argument over long distance calls, armed himself, and
walked across the street to a police car that had pulled over a
vehicle for a traffic stop.
Ogan went to the side of the police car and knocked on the window.
Officer James C. Boswell rolled down his window and asked what Ogan
wanted. Ogan responded, "DEA dropped me off out here, and I'm cold."
Officer Boswell told Ogan to back away from the car until the
officers finished the traffic stop. When Ogan persisted, demanding
that Boswell give him immediate assistance, Officer Boswell took his
gun from the holster and, holding it behind his right leg, reached
into the police car to unlock the back door.
Ogan then, without warning or provocation, shot Officer Boswell in
the head. After seeing his partner fall against the back door of the
police car, Officer Gainer chased and caught Ogan, wounding him in
the process.
Final Meal:
None.
Final Words:
"In killing me, the people responsible have blood on their hands,
because I am not guilty. I acted in self-defense and reflex in the
face of a police officer who was out of control." During his lengthy
final statement, Ogan also complained of "police and prosecutorial
perjury," which the courts ignored. The lethal injection was given
while Ogan was still speaking. He was talking about Boswell's
dealings with "enemy agents," when he paused, then lost
consciousness.
ClarkProsecutor.org
Texas Attorney General
Media Advisory
Friday, November 15, 2002
Craig Neil Ogan Scheduled to be Executed.
AUSTIN - Texas Attorney General John Cornyn
offers the following information on Craig Neil Ogan, who is
scheduled to be executed after 6 p.m. on Tuesday, Nov. 19, 2002.
On June 29, 1990, Craig Neil Ogan was sentenced
to die for the capital murder of police officer James C. Boswell,
which occurred in Houston, Texas, on Dec. 8, 1989.
A summary of the
evidence presented at trial follows:
FACTS OF THE CRIME
In late 1989, Craig Neil Ogan moved to Houston,
Texas, from St. Louis, Missouri, where he voluntarily acted as a
confidential informant for the Drug Enforcement Administration
(DEA). A DEA agent acted as Ogan's supervisor in Houston.
The DEA
agent told Ogan that he could not carry a weapon under any
circumstances, per DEA policy. He also told Ogan to "just let his
face be known" around Houston and instructed him not to be involved
in any drug deals.
Despite these explicit instructions, Ogan
insisted on arming himself and continued to seek involvement in drug
transactions. On Dec. 8, 1989, Ogan called the DEA agent from a
Houston restaurant. Ogan told him that a deal had fallen through and
resulted in an armed confrontation. Ogan told the agent that he
feared for his life and asked him to come to the restaurant and
escort Ogan safely off the premises.
The DEA agent arranged for Houston police
officers Darryl O'Leary and Steven Hanner to escort Ogan out of the
restaurant. Ogan asked the officers to take him to his apartment so
that he could remove papers and tapes related to a DEA investigation.
At Ogan's apartment, the officers observed Ogan pack his belongings,
including what appeared to be a .38-caliber pistol, a sawed-off
shotgun, and at least two hunting knives. Officers O'Leary and
Hanner then followed Ogan as he drove to a motel.
Ogan checked into his motel room and attempted to
make several long-distance telephone calls, but the service was
disconnected because Ogan had not left a deposit for long-distance
calls. When Ogan went to the office to pay for his calls and to
leave a deposit, he also complained that the heater in his room was
not functioning. As he complained, he became louder and more upset,
but eventually left the office area.
A short time later, Ogan returned to the motel
office and renewed his complaints. He told the desk attendant that
he did not want to pay for his long-distance calls and wanted his
money back. Ogan became more angry. The attendant threatened to call
security at which time Ogan began kicking at the office door. The
desk attendant then called 9-1-1 for assistance. Ogan left the
motel, and, seeing a police car across the street, walked to the
passenger side of the car and knocked on the window.
Houston police officers Morgan Gainer and James
Boswell had pulled into the parking lot to stop a car for a traffic
infraction, and were unaware of the dispute between Ogan and the
motel clerk. In response to Ogan's knock, Officer Boswell rolled
down his window and asked what Ogan wanted. Ogan responded, "DEA
dropped me off out here, and I'm cold." Officer Boswell told Ogan to
back away from the car until the officers finished the traffic stop.
Ogan knocked on the window a second time. Officer
Boswell opened the door and again asked Ogan to step back. Ogan told
Officer Boswell that he was an informant for the DEA and that he was
cold. Officer Boswell again told Ogan that he would have to wait.
Ogan instead repeated his statement a third time. Officer Boswell
told Ogan, "You need to get out of here if you are not willing to
step out of the way and wait. You either need to leave, or you are
going to jail."
Officer Boswell then got out of the police car.
Ogan demanded that Boswell give him immediate assistance. Officer
Boswell took his gun from the holster and, holding it behind his
right leg, reached into the police car to unlock the back door.
Ogan
then, without warning or provocation, shot Officer Boswell in the
head. After seeing his partner fall against the back door of the
police car, Officer Gainer chased and caught Ogan, wounding him in
the process.
PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On June 25, 1990, Ogan was convicted in Harris
County, Texas, for the intentional murder of Houston police officer
James C. Boswell. After a separate punishment hearing, Ogan was
sentenced to death on June 29, 1990. The conviction and sentence
were affirmed on direct appeal by the Texas Court of Criminal
Appeals.
The Supreme Court denied Ogan's petition for writ of
certiorari on March 28, 1994. The Court of Criminal Appeals denied
Ogan's application for state writ of habeas corpus on April 28,
1999.
On Sept. 29, 2000, the district court denied
Ogan's federal writ of habeas corpus, as well as his request for an
evidentiary hearing and a certificate of appealability (COA). Ogan
filed an application for COA to the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals
on Jan. 29, 2001, and the Director filed a response in opposition on
Feb. 28, 2001.
On Dec. 12, 2001, pursuant to the issuance of the
Supreme Court's opinion in Penry v. Johnson, 532 U.S. 782 (2001),
the Fifth Circuit requested that both parties file supplemental
briefing regarding the applicability of Penry II to Ogan's case.
After hearing oral argument, that court denied Ogan's request for
COA on June 28, 2002. Ogan filed a petition for writ of certiorari
to the Supreme Court on Oct. 30, 2002.
PRIOR CRIMINAL HISTORY
While Ogan had numerous unadjudicated assaults
where charges were dismissed, he has no prior criminal record.
ProDeathPenalty.com
A jury deliberated for five hours before they
found Craig Neil Ogan Jr. guilty of killing a Houston police officer
who had rejected his demand for immediate attention at a street
scene.
The officer's parents hugged and clasped hands
after hearing the verdict. The many officers in the courtroom, tears
in their eyes, slapped each other on the back and gave the thumbs up
sign.
"As far as I'm concerned, the worst is over,"
said Cecil "Sonny" Boswell, father of the slain officer, James C.
Boswell , 29. "In our eyes, Jim was on trial." Martha Boswell, the
officer's mother said, "It helps in that his memory is not
besmirched."
Whether Ogan received the death penalty was
insignificant, the Boswells said after the verdict. "His death is
not going to bring my son back," Sonny Boswell said. "I'm not going
to lose a minute's sleep over it." Officer A.R. Northcutt, who
worked and played golf with Boswell, called the verdict "a big
relief. It lets people know that if you do this, you're not going to
get away with it.' Prosecutors portrayed Ogan as a paranoid, quick-tempered
"macho man" who dreamed of becoming a CIA agent. "He snuffed out one
of our beautiful people, a man who only wanted to serve," prosecutor
Rusty Hardin said.
After the penalty phase, the jury deliberated
nine hours before sentencing Ogan to death. Boswell's mother, Martha
Boswell of Meridian, Mississippi, voiced mixed feelings about her
son's killer receiving the maximum penalty. "I feel like the
evidence was there for the death penalty, just like it was for the
verdict of guilty," she said. "We could've lived with anything the
jury came back with, and killing Mr. Ogan isn't going to bring our
son back, but he needs to be punished for what he did."
The panel's
12:30 a.m. verdict came after they answered "yes" to three key
questions, and the last one - did Ogan shoot Boswell on Dec. 9,
1989, without provocation by the officer - was important to the
slain officer's partner, Morgan Gainer. "It's not something you can
feel good about," Gainer said of seeing a man sentenced to death, "but
at least Boz's name is clear now.'
In convicting Ogan, 35, of capital murder, jurors
spurned his lawyers' arguments that the fatal round was fired into
Boswell's temple in self-defense. Ogan claimed the officer called
him "a (f***ing) snitch" and tried to shoot him.
Boswell, 28, was
killed Dec. 9 on a South Main parking lot. Gainer said Ogan walked
up to them, wouldn't abide by directions to wait and killed Boswell
for not helping him immediately. Ogan had contended he feared that
drug peddlers were out to kill him and he needed Boswell 's
immediate attention. The officer was writing a traffic ticket, and a
woman complainant was waiting to speak to him.
Prosecutor Rusty Hardin said a key question for
jurors - whether Ogan, 35, is likely to continue to commit acts of
violence - was clearly established by his acts from 1981-88. Hardin
described Ogan, a St. Louis marijuana peddler turned U.S. Drug
Enforcement Administration professional tipster, as a violence-prone
"peeping tom" voyeur with an explosive temper.
In his testimony,
Ogan had tried to downplay his volatile nature, but Hardin countered
with testimony from the informant's former girlfriend, nurse Linda
Dunajcik. She said their six-year, live-in affair was characterized
by Ogan's mostly spurning her efforts to get him therapy for being a
window peeper and having continual angry outbursts.
Dunacjik said
she doesn't believe in the death penalty, but that Ogan seems likely
to keep losing his temper. "It could've been me," she said quietly.
Ogan said his life was
literally rerouted by reading the book "I Led Three Lives". It
concerns a man who infiltrated Communist organizations, and from his
teens that's the spy status Ogan strived to attain. On the witness
stand, Ogan testified he tried for years to get an undercover job
with the CIA. All his 1988-89 efforts for the DEA were aimed at
getting him a job reference.
From 1979 to 1985, St. Louis DEA agent
Jerome Hutchinson said, Ogan is known to have sold 100-pound lots of
marijuana from Florida every week in his home town. Hardin said the
DEA viewed the pot dealer as a sort of "godsend." Not only did he
have an established St. Louis import business that gave him a
legitimate reason to travel abroad, Ogan spoke Spanish, French and
Portuguese and desperately wanted to inform on his drug connections
to get a CIA referral.
Ogan's move to Houston came in October 1989 after
a Missouri judge ordered some of his secretly made tape recordings
turned over to attorneys for the targets of his investigations. In
Houston, the DEA told Ogan to get an apartment and "make his face
known" at two clubs frequented by Hispanics. He got into a dispute
with three men he had been asking about buying kilograms of cocaine.
They thought he was a "narc" and had a pistol-pointing confrontation
with him outside a restaurant. The DEA told Ogan not to return to
his apartment and got Houston police to take him to a motel. Ogan
ended up at the Astro Motor Inn on South Main. On the night of Dec.
8, Ogan was unhappy about the heat not working in his motel room and
was concerned that he had been found by some of the dealers he'd
clashed with earlier.
After a dispute with the motel's desk clerk, Ogan
sat in his Yugo. Then, he said, he saw Boswell 's car parked across
the street at a Stop 'N Go store. Boswell and Gainer were writing a
traffic ticket, and a woman involved in a domestic disturbance was
waiting to see them. Gainer said Boswell walked up to Boswell 's
window and identified himself as a DEA informant. Boswell told Ogan
to wait, but Ogan demanded help. Boswell again told Ogan to step
back and wait. When Ogan kept talking, Boswell got out of his patrol
car, gun held out of sight against his leg and was unlocking the
vehicle's back door when the informant fired the fatal shot. After
inexplicably shooting Boswell, Gainer said, Ogan muttered, "Well,
(f***) you then," before fleeing.
UPDATE: Defiant to the end, a former federal drug
informant who aspired to be a CIA agent was executed for killing a
Houston police officer 13 years ago. "In killing me, the people
responsible have blood on their hands because I am not guilty,"
Craig Ogan said in a deliberate and firm voice.
He described the
details that preceded the officer's death and, as he has in the past,
essentially blamed slain Officer James Boswell for the officer's
death. Ogan said Boswell was a "police officer who was out of
control."
Ogan complained that the courts ignored what he said was
evidence of "police and prosecutorial perjury." Without looking at
relatives of the slain officer, who watched through a window a few
feet away, he alleged that Boswell was angry and was still suffering
from an on-the-job injury months before. As he paused briefly trying
to collect his thoughts, the lethal drugs kicked in and Ogan snorted
and coughed.
He was pronounced dead at 7:13 p.m. CST, eight minutes
after the lethal dose began. The
execution was delayed for nearly an hour while the U.S. Supreme
Court considered a pair of 11th-hour appeals that questioned Ogan's
competency and mental health. "They're trying to sell me as a nut
case," Ogan said of his attorneys' efforts. "I don't appreciate that."
Ogan was fascinated with espionage, spoke several
foreign languages and longed for a job with the CIA. He said he was
building a track record by working as a confidential informant in
St. Louis for the federal Drug Enforcement Administration. He moved
to Houston in late 1989 because he feared his cover had been
exposed.
The night of Dec. 9, 1989, he got into an argument with a
motel clerk, walked outside and spotted a police car where Boswell
and his partner were writing a traffic ticket. Ogan interrupted the
officers repeatedly, citing his DEA connection, and refused their
instructions to wait a few minutes.
When he persisted and Boswell
got out of the patrol car to unlock the back door of the car, the
officer was shot in the head. Ogan tried running away but
surrendered after he was shot and wounded in the back by Boswell's
partner.
Ogan blamed Boswell for the shooting and
contended his reaction was in self-defense. "He went crazy," Ogan
said. "This doesn't make sense. I'm pro-police. If I wanted to kill
a cop, I could have blown them both off." Ogan had an "explosive
temper and a short fuse," said Standley, now a Harris County judge.
"He was just a time bomb, and that's what happened that night."
Ogan
contended he was calm, polite and feared for his safety. "He was my
son's judge, jury and executioner in a split second," Martha Boswell,
the officer's mother, said. She noted Ogan had appeals and had
sought a reprieve and a commutation. "As far as mercy -- he showed
Jim no mercy. None whatsoever," she said.
A defense psychologist
testified at his trial that Ogan suffered from functional paranoia,
frequently was anxious, agitated and fearful, and believed the
officer was a deadly threat to him. Jurors didn't buy the self-defense
argument, convicting him of capital murder and then deciding he
should be put to death. Ogan had no previous prison record but did
acknowledge involvement in drug dealing.
Texas Execution Information
Center by David Carson
Txexecutions.org
Craig Neil Ogan, 47, was executed by lethal
injection on 19 November 2002 in Huntsville, Texas for the murder of
a police officer.
Craig Ogan had worked as an informant for the
federal Drug Enforcement Agency since January 1988. Upon his request,
the DEA relocated him from St. Louis to Houston in late 1989 after
his identity had been revealed in a court proceeding.
Ogan was under orders to not personally get
involved in any drug transactions. He was also prohibited from
carrying a weapon. Despite these instructions, Ogan insisted on
arming himself and seeking involvement in drug transactions.
On 8 December 1989, Ogan, then 34, called the DEA
agent who supervised him and told him that he was in a restaurant
where he had just had an armed confrontation over a drug deal that
fell through. He said that a man pointed a gun at his head and
called him "narc." He said that he feared for his life and asked for
an escort from the restaurant.
The agent arranged for two Houston
police officers to escort Ogan from the restaurant back to his
apartment. Once at the apartment, the officers watched as Ogan
packed his belongings, which included a pistol, a sawed-off shotgun,
and some knives. They then followed him to a motel. Ogan checked
into a room, and the officers left at around 9:00 p.m.
At about 12:30 a.m., Ogan went to the lobby to
complain about his telephone charges and the heater in his room. He
argued loudly with the clerk and began kicking at a door.
When the
clerk called 9-1-1 for assistance, Ogan left. Around this time,
Houston police officers Clay Morgan Gainer and James C. Boswell
pulled a car into a parking lot across the street from the motel,
for a minor traffic violation.
Ogan, then 34, walked over to them
and knocked on the passenger window. Officer Boswell, 29, lowered
his window and asked Ogan what he wanted. After a heated exchange,
Boswell got out of the car. Ogan took Boswell's pistol and shot him
once in the head. He ran. Officer Gainer chased Ogan on foot, shot
him in the back, and arrested him.
At Ogan's trial, Gainer testified that when
Boswell lowered his window and asked Ogan what he wanted, Ogan
replied, "DEA dropped me off out here, and I'm cold." Boswell told
Ogan that they would help him as soon as they finished with the
traffic stop, and to back away from the car.
Boswell then raised his
window. Ogan, however, demanded immediate attention. He knocked on
Boswell's window again, repeating that he was a DEA informant and
that he was cold. Boswell told him, "You need to get out of here if
you are not willing to step out of the way and wait. You either need
to leave, or you are going to jail."
Ogan persisted with his demands.
Boswell got out of the police car. According to Gainer, Boswell
removed his sidearm from the holster and held it down against his
leg. As he was reaching into the car to unlock the back door, Ogan
grabbed Boswell's gun and shot him once in the head. Ogan then said,
"Well, [expletive] you then" and ran.
In addition to the above testimony, Darryl
O'Leary, one of the two officers who escorted Ogan from the
restaurant, testified that Ogan was "extremely excited" when he
arrived. O'Leary said that when he told Ogan he could not take him
until a backup officer arrived, Ogan became "impatient, hostile, and
loud."
Ogan had no prior criminal convictions. He had
numerous assault charges that had been filed against him, then
dismissed. Sally Webster, a psychologist testifying for the defense,
said that Ogan suffered from paranoia and had a passive-aggressive
personality, but that these disorders were not mental illnesses and
had no bearing on his competency to stand trial.
She described
Ogan's mental state on 8 and 9 December as "anxious, agitated,
almost hyperactive, very touchy, very worried." Ogan's lawyers
called Webster to testify in an attempt to assert his mental state
as a mitigating factor in determining his punishment, but the tactic
backfired. Instead, prosecutors convinced the jury that Ogan's
history of high-strung paranoia made him a future danger to society.
A jury convicted Ogan of capital murder in June
1990 and sentenced him to death. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals
affirmed the conviction and sentence in April 1993. All of his
subsequent appeals in state and federal court were denied. In his
appeals, Ogan's attorneys claimed that their client suffered from a
mental illness and that his trial counsel was incompetent for
failing to use that in his defense. Ogan, who had an IQ of 140, had
attended college, and spoke several languages, told a reporter,
"They're trying to sell me as a nut case. I don't appreciate that."
Ogan had a longstanding interest in espionage and
had ambitions of joining the Central Intelligence Agency. In one of
his letters from death row, he claimed that he had an appointment
for an interview with the CIA the day he killed Officer Boswell. His
career as a spy, however, never took off.
At his trial, DEA agents
testified that they considered Ogan to be, though a "marginally
successful" informant, mostly a comical figure who ducked behind
newspapers whenever a stranger entered their office. They derisively
called him "special agent double-oh-five" behind his back. They also
criticized him for getting involved in a drug deal without their
permission, then calling for their assistance when it got him into
trouble.
From death row, Ogan wrote letters that were
posted on an anti-death-penalty web site. In one of them, he claimed
that his execution represented the "premeditated mass murder" of
possibly thousands of his potential descendants. He also provided
his version of the conversation between himself and Officer Boswell.
In Ogan's account, he was extremely polite, courteous to a fault,
and non-confrontational.
Boswell and Gainer, on the other hand, were
hostile to him without provocation and called him a "[expletive] DEA
snitch." Ogan wrote that when he told Boswell, "All right, sir; I
was only asking for help," Boswell then threw his door open and
burst out of the car "in an insane rage, running/lunging furiously
right at me, like a football tackle gone berserk, and clawing
frantically at his gun/holster." An anti-death-penalty spokesman who
visited Ogan on death row described him as "extremely tense." Ogan's
execution was delayed for nearly an hour as the Supreme Court
considered late appeals questioning his mental competence.
"In killing me, the people responsible have blood
on their hands, because I am not guilty," Ogan said in his lengthy
last statement. He described the events of the killing and blamed
Boswell. "I acted in self-defense and reflex in the face of a police
officer who was out of control," he said.
He also complained of "police
and prosecutorial perjury," which the courts ignored. The lethal
injection was given while Ogan was still speaking. At 7:05 p.m., he
was talking about Boswell's dealings with "enemy agents," when he
paused briefly to collect his thoughts. The lethal drugs took effect
as Ogan then snorted, gasped, and lost consciousness. He was
pronounced dead at 7:13 p.m.
Man Executed for Killing Officer in 1989
By
Mark Passwaters - The Huntsville Item
November 20, 2002
Craig Ogan claimed he was a successful informant
for the Drug Enforcement Administration. He also claimed he was a
genius. The Harris County District Attorney's Office and 12 jurors
said he is nothing but a cop killer. For that reason, he was
executed Tuesday evening at the Huntsville "Walls" Unit.
Defiant until the end, Ogan claimed the "real
crimes" in his case were "the attempted murder and intimidation of a
federal drug informant by Officer James Boswell and Officer Clay
Morgan Gaines."
Ogan, who was a DEA informant -- but never hired by
the federal government -- shot Boswell on the night of Dec. 8, 1989
after Boswell did not respond to his demands for assistance quickly
enough. Even during his final statement, Ogan claimed he was acting
in self-defense.
"I acted in self-defense and reflex in the face
of a police officer who was out of control," he said. "The people
responsible for killing me will have blood on their hands for an
unprovoked murder." During his final statement, which lasted several
minutes, Ogan repeatedly spoke of "physical evidence" and "possible
motives" Boswell might have had to hurt him.
While speaking about
Boswell's dealing's with "enemy agents," Ogan suddenly snorted,
gasped twice and was silent. At 7:05 p.m., the lethal dose of
chemicals had been started. "Very good," commented one unidentified
witness.
Ogan was pronounced dead at 7:13 p.m. His
execution, which had been scheduled to take place an hour earlier,
had been delayed while two final appeals were heard by the U.S.
Supreme Court. One of those appeals claimed Ogan -- who boasted of
his high IQ -- could not be executed because he was mentally
retarded.
Boswell's mother, three brothers and a sister
remained silent during Ogan's final statement, but spoke briefly to
reporters afterward. "He didn't say anything he hadn't already
said," Martha Boswell, the slain officer's mother, said. "It didn't
surprise me; I was OK with it." Martha Boswell called Ogan "Jim's
judge, jury and executioner, without a second thought." "(Tuesday)
is the night justice was finally served, plain and simple," she
said. "It's way past time."
Boswell's father Sonny, confined to a wheelchair,
waited outside the "Walls" Unit with nearly 80 motorcyclists who
came to show their support for the Boswell family. Most of the
motorcyclists were members of the Houston Police Department or
Harris County Sheriff's Department and included Gainer, Boswell's
partner. "It's time. It's just time," Gainer said. "I want justice
to be done," Sonny Boswell said as he clutched a picture of his son.
"The State of Texas pronounced sentence on him, and I think it
should be carried out."
Originally from Missouri, Ogan was described as a
"marginally successful" DEA informant who had moved to Houston after
his cover had been blown. After he moved to Houston, he ignored
warnings from DEA agents to keep a low profile and became known on
the city's drug scene. The night of the murder Ogan was moved from
his apartment to a motel by DEA agents after a drug dealer put a gun
to his head and accused him of being a "DEA snitch."
Ogan became enraged when he discovered the motel
lacked heat and long distance telephone service. He went to the
motel's office to complain, yelling at the clerk and kicking a door
in frustration. When he stormed out of the office, he noticed a
police cruiser nearby. The vehicle was driven by Boswell and Gainer.
Ogan walked over to the cruiser and rapped on
Boswell's window. When Boswell asked Ogan what he wanted, he said,
"DEA dropped me off here, and I'm cold." Since the officers were in
the middle of a traffic stop, Gainer later testified, Boswell asked
Ogan to step back until they were done. Ogan, making what he
describes as a "polite request," knocked on the window a second time
and continued to ramble about his DEA work.
Boswell told him again
to back away, and when he refused, Boswell said, "You need to get
out of here if you're not willing to step out of the way and wait.
You either need to leave or you're going to jail." Boswell then got
out of the squad car and unlocked the back door of the vehicle.
Suddenly, Gainer testified, Ogan grabbed Boswell's gun, shot him
once in the head, and fled. Gainer then shot Ogan in the back and
arrested him. Boswell was dead before his body hit the ground.
Ogan claimed Boswell was "in an insane rage" when
he got out of the car. "I saw his gun clear the holster and/or come
into view," he wrote. "Reflex took over ... Then I saw the gun in my
hand as the horrible realization crept over me. I had just shot a
policeman in the head." Ogan used claims of self-defense during his
trial and said he feared for his life when he shot Boswell. A Harris
County jury did not buy into Ogan's story, convicting him of capital
murder on June 25, 1990, and sentencing him to death four days
later.
While incarcerated at the Polunsky Unit in
Livingston, Ogan wrote a remarkable, rambling diatribe about his
case -- much of which he repeated in his final statement -- and
posted it on the Internet. In it, he claimed the state of Texas
would commit "premeditated mass murder" by executing him and halting
his ability to procreate. "Those future Ogans ... for anyone knows
(may) be blessed with the intellect of an Albert Einstein or George
Washington Carver," Ogan wrote. "Haven't they a right to life,
regardless?"
Ogan went on to claim Boswell and Gainer
committed "federal felonies," that Gainer "via his fabrication and
perjury, has thus far avoided imprisonment," and that he was
preparing to accept "an offer of immediate employment" with the CIA
when he shot Boswell. In the end, none of Ogan's claims were able to
reverse his sentence. As the execution witnesses began to filter out
of the "Walls" Unit, the motorcyclists wordlessly turned and drove
off into the night.
Houston Cop-Killer Executed
By Allan Turner - Houston Chronicle
November 19, 2002
HUNTSVILLE -- Cop-killer Craig Ogan went to his
death in Texas' execution chamber Tuesday night proclaiming his
innocence, labeling Houston patrolman James Boswell a "policeman out
of control" and insisting that he fired a bullet into the officer's
head in self-defense.
"In killing me the people responsible have blood
on their hands, because I am not guilty," Ogan said in his last
statement, which eventually was cut off by the flow of deadly drugs.
"I acted in self-defense and by reflex to an unprovoked attempted
murder by a policeman out of control."
Speaking rapidly as Boswell's mother and other
family members watched from an adjacent witness room, Ogan accused
prosecutors of fabricating evidence in his 1990 trial. He said
Boswell, 29, was "mad at the world" as a result of a brutal beating
he had suffered seven months earlier at the hands of a crack cocaine
dealer.
After the attack, Boswell was angry with "the
mayor, the police chief, the fire chief, angry at the world, perhaps
with some justification," Ogan said. His statement stopped in
mid-sentence as the drugs took effect. In a meeting earlier, Walls
Unit warden Neill Hodges had told Ogan he would have two minutes for
his final comments. The drugs were given at 7:05 p.m.; he was
pronounced dead eight minutes later.
Ogan was the first of two killers scheduled to be
executed this week. William Wesley Chappell, 66, is set to die today
for the 1988 murder of a 50-year-old Tarrant County woman and her
daughter -- relatives of a 3-year-old girl Chappell was convicted of
molesting four years earlier. Chappell was free on bond, pending
appeal, when he shot both women in the face with a 9mm pistol,
allegedly to eliminate them as trial witnesses.
The execution of a
third killer, James Lee Clark, 34, set for Thursday, was postponed
Monday by the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals after his lawyers
argued that he is mentally retarded. The court cited the U.S.
Supreme Court's ruling in June that barred execution of the mentally
retarded. Clark had been convicted of the 1993 rape, robbery and
murder of a 17-year-old Denton High School student.
Ogan's execution took place after the Supreme
Court rejected two appeals filed on his behalf. The Texas Board of
Pardons and Paroles also declined to block the execution. As Ogan
went to his death, about 80 law enforcement officers and their
sympathizers -- members of two Houston motorcycle clubs -- gathered
at the Walls Unit to show support for Boswell's family.
"Justice was finally served tonight," said Martha
Boswell, the slain officer's mother. "We have waited for this 12
years. . . . I had faith this would happen, and it did." She said
she felt no compassion in watching her son's killer die. "Nothing
has changed," she said of her feelings.
Texas Executes Cop Killer
By Robert Anthony Phillips -
TheDeathHouse.com
November 19, 2002
Craig Owen, a former federal drug informant who
shot and killed a Houston police officer, was executed by lethal
injection here tonight after a last ditch appeal to the Supreme
Court delayed his trip to the death house by an hour.
In December
1989, Ogan shot Officer James Boswell in the head after the officer
did not immediately respond to Ogan's request for assistance. Ogan
claimed he shot Boswell in self-defense.
As he lay strapped to the execution gurney
awaiting death, Ogan, 47, used his last words to proclaim his
innocense and accuse the state of murder. "The people responsible
for killing me will have blood on their hands for an unprovoked
murder," Ogan said. "I am not guilty."
Ogan's scheduled execution just after 6 p.m. was
delayed while the U.S. Supreme Court considered last-ditch appeals
filed by his lawyers. Michelle Lyons, a spokeswoman for the Texas
Department of Criminal Justice, said prison officials received word
at 6:45 p.m. that the high court had rejected the appeals.
Within 10 minutes, she said, Ogan had been
strapped to the execution gurney in preparation for death. The
lethal drugs began to flow into him at 7:05 p.m. and he was
pronounced dead at 7:13 p.m., Lyons said. Ogan was the 30th
convicted killer executed in Texas this year, by far the highest in
the nation. Another execution is scheduled Wednesday.
Ogan, in an interview with the Associated Press
several weeks before his execution, said his lawyers were trying to
"sell me as a nut case" and admitted he had little chance of
escaping the death chamber. "I killed a cop and this is Texas," Ogan
told the AP. There were reports that several dozen motorcycle riding
police officers arrived to stand vigil outside on the street from
the prison in honor of Boswell.
The slain cop's mother, had told the Texas City
Sun that she was going to witness the execution. “I’m going to stand
there and watch that man die,” she said. “His face was the last face
that my son saw, if I could I’d make sure that Jim’s family’s faces
were the last that he saw.”
Demand For Help Turns To Death
Ogan, described in court documents as paranoid
and having a personality disorder, claimed he shot Boswell in self
defense after the officer tried to shoot him. The shooting took
place Dec. 9, 1989. Ogan had walked over to a police car in a
parking lot in Houston, where Boswell and another officer had made a
traffic stop.
Ogan had earlier become involved in a dispute at
the motel he was staying in. Ogan knocked on the window of the
patrol car, telling Boswell that he was a DEA informant and that he
was cold. Boswell told Ogan to wait until he finished with the
traffic stop. Ogan was so persistent and agitated that Boswell
threatened to arrest him if Ogan didn't back away from the car.
When Boswell finally got out of the car, he had
apparently unholstered his weapon, court documents stated. Holding
the gun behind his right let, Boswell reached into the patrol car to
unlock the back door to let Ogan in. Ogan pulled out a gun and shot
Boswell in the head, shouting an expletive. Ogan tried to run, but
another police officer with Boswell chased and shot him in the lower
back. Ogan apparently felt drug dealers were going to kill him.
Court documents revealed that the DEA had
relocated Ogan from Missouri to Houston because he had been
identified as an informant. When he was relocated, he was told by
government agents not to get involved in any drug investigations.
However, he continued to do so, authorities claim.
HPD Officer Remembered
By Michael Clements -
The Texas City Sun
November 19, 2002
Boswell family of Meridian, Miss. came back to
Texas this week. The family, who lived in Texas City more than 17
years, didn’t come back to visit friends or relatives. They came to
Huntsville to see a man die. Unless the state or courts intervene,
at 6 p.m. Craig Neil Ogan, 48, will be put to death for the Dec. 9,
1989 killing of 29-year-old Houston police officer James Boswell.
well’s mother, Martha, said the trip wasn’t about
revenge, or anger or even closure. She said she came to Huntsville
simply because she wanted to be there when the legal process was
completed. “I’m going to stand there and watch that man die,” she
said. “His face was the last face that my son saw, if I could I’d
make sure that Jim’s family’s faces were the last that he saw.”
well’s story actually began when the police
officer was 10 years old. That’s when Boswell’s father, Sonny, moved
the family to the Texas Gulf Coast so he could go to work in a
shipyard. For the next 17 years the Boswells enjoyed life in Texas.
Martha Boswell said the Houston-Galveston industrial complex
provided employment for Sonny. That enabled him to provide well for
his wife and children. James Boswell graduated from Texas City High
School and went to Lamar University where he studied to be an
athletic trainer.
le he loved sports, Martha Boswell said her son
was not particularly athletic. He decided to become a trainer so
that he could work with people. Martha said people were drawn to her
son’s outgoing personality. “He was a comedian,” she said. Texas
City Police detective Paul Edinburgh agreed. Boswell was a regular
fixture in the Edinburgh home because he was good friends with his
older brother, Lewis. Edinburgh said that regardless of their mood
when he found them, Boswell could leave just about anybody smiling.
“If you were feeling down or lonely, he had a knack for showing up
and he would leave you rolling on the floor laughing,” Edinburgh
said.
nburgh remembered Boswell as a talented artist
who did impressions and told jokes to entertain his family and
friends. “He could talk to you in your voice and make you think you
were talking to yourself,” said Martha Boswell.
well started his career as an athletic trainer in
the late 1970s. Like a lot of young men, he soon realized that as
much as he liked working with athletes, teaching and coaching might
not have been his calling. One of his childhood friend’s, Donny
McKinney was a police officer. McKinney would share stories of his
work and something about those stories caught Boswell’s attention.
He decided it was time for a career change. But, true to his
character, Boswell’s mother said he felt a responsibility to check
with her and his father since they had financed his college
education.
y told him that their only concern was that he
was happy with his decision. “His Dad and I both told him, ‘You’re
the one that has to live with what you do,’” she said. Boswell went
through the police training program at Sam Houston State University.
In 1984 he was hired as a Houston Police Officer. He was assigned to
an area in southwest Houston known for its criminal activity. Martha
said her son reveled in his new work. “That’s where he wanted to
work,” she said. “He loved being a cop.”
wasn’t long before Boswell was influencing young
men in the same way his friends had influenced him. Edinburgh said
that when he started his police training at College of the Mainland,
he rode with Boswell a few times. He said his friend’s best
qualities came out when he was on patrol. “He showed me the
importance of honesty and integrity, that’s just the way he worked,”
he said.
1987, Boswell’s family moved back to Mississippi.
Sonny had lost his job with a construction company and when he found
a new job at a hospital, the family decided to leave. Boswell stayed
in Houston to continue his law enforcement career. According to the
Texas Department of Criminal Justice Web site, on Dec. 9, 1989,
Boswell and his partner were in the middle of a traffic stop on
South Main near the Astromotor Inn when they were approached by
Ogan.
Ogan was an informant for the Drug Enforcement
Agency who had just been involved in an altercation at a motel. Ogan
believed that his cover had been blown and that he was in danger, so
he asked the officers to help him. Since no one was actually
threatening Ogan at that point, and the officers were busy doing
something else, Boswell told Ogan to wait. Ogan became agitated and
demanded the officers listen to him. Boswell decided to put Ogan in
his patrol car and turned to open the car door. When he did, Ogan
pulled a pistol and shot Boswell once in the left temple. He turned
to run and was shot once in the lower back by Boswell’s partner.
Martha said she got the telephone call from
Boswell’s brother Joey, who owned a business in Texas City at that
time. He told her that Boswell had been hurt. She called the
hospital and learned that it was worse than that. Martha said she
and Sonny came back to Texas to get their son and take him home to
be buried in Mississippi. “I wasn’t going to leave my baby out
there,” she said.
Then they prepared for the trial. She praised the
work of the judge, who she said ensured that everyone involved in
the trial followed the letter of the law. And she scoffed at Ogan’s
claim that he shot in self defense after the officers threatened
him. Edinburgh, who also attended the trial, said there was no way
his friend threatened anyone that day. “I just can’t see that,” he
said. “It doesn’t compute to me.”
Edinburgh will be in Hunstville tonight. While he
won’t witness the execution, he said he feels a responsibility to be
there for his friends. His brother, who was much closer to Boswell
will be there, and Edinburg said he wants to do what he can. “I’m
going for a lot of different reasons,” he said.
When she talked with the Texas City Sun two weeks
ago, Martha said she wasn’t sure how many of her family would
actually witness the execution. She said they weren’t coming for any
reason other than to see justice done. She said she purposely pushed
the anger and hurt aside because she didn’t believe Ogan was worth
that effort. “From the day he killed my son, I’ve never let him take
up a lot of space in my mind,” she said.
National Coalition to Abolish
the Death Penalty
Graig Ogan, Jr. (TX) - Nov. 19, 2002 - 6:00 PM
CST, 7:00 PM EST
The state of Texas is scheduled to execute Graig
Ogan, Jr. Nov. 19 for the 1989 murder of James Boswell, a Houston
police officer.
Ogan, a white man, claimed he shot Boswell in
self-defense after the officer attempted to pull out his gun while
lunging toward him. Conflicting accounts, one from Boswell’s partner
– Morgan Gainer – and one from the defendant himself, told different
versions of the events that occurred immediately before the shooting.
At trial, the jury determined that Ogan’s self-defense claim lacked
credibility, and found him guilty of murder.
The victim’s family and friends found relief in
the verdict, as it publicly cleared Boswell of any wrongdoing in the
incident. However, they expressed mixed feeling about the death
sentence, repeatedly recognizing that little good could come out of
another killing. Sonny Boswell, the victim’s father, said after the
trial, “His death is not going to bring my son back.”
Ogan – an informant with the Drug Enforcement
Agency (DEA) in Houston – allegedly approached Boswell’s police car
to seek help because he was in mortal danger at the hands of armed
drug dealers. He claimed the officer stepped out of the car and
attacked him; Officer Gainer disagreed, saying the aggressive Ogan
shot his partner without provocation.
Sally Webster, a forensic psychologist, testified
for the defense at trial, stating that Ogan experienced several
psychological problems when he arrived in Houston (from St. Louis,
which he left in 1989 after several narcotics trafficking
prosecutions revealed his identity). She claimed he suffered from
functional paranoia, and frequently felt anxiety, agitation, and
fear for his life. In his appeals, Ogan argued that his trial
counsel failed to recognize the extent of his mental health problems;
such a mistake could have seriously influenced the outcome of his
trial.
He also charged that his attorneys failed to
object to supplemental instruction on mitigating evidence at the
conclusion of the penalty phase. This failure, which minimized the
importance of Ogan’s emotional instability in the jurors’ eyes,
paved the way for this execution.
The Boswell family gained no satisfaction from
the death sentence in the courtroom, and they do not expect any
closure from Ogan’s pending execution. Carrying out this sentence
would only add to the continuing cycle of violence and further
emphasize the hypocrisy of the death penalty. Please write the state
of Texas and protest this execution.
Canadian Coalition to Abolish
the Death Penalty
(Ogan Homepage)
Information provided by Craig Ogan and his
supporters
For over nine years, the State of Texas has been
holding me hostage, torturing me, and threatening to murder me,
because I fatally shot and killed a Houston Police officer when he
attempted to murder me for being (in his and his partner’s words) “a
f---ing DEA snitch” (a voluntary undercover operative for the United
States Drug Enforcement Administration [DEA] since 1973, I’d sought
their help because I was in imminent mortal danger from armed drug
dealers; as the City of Houston Police Department [HPD] had rescued
me from mortal danger, hours earlier, at the DEA’s request, I’d no
reason to anticipate that these officers would try to kill me, now,
in response to my polite request for emergency assistance). I have
compelling proof that I’m telling the truth. --- Craig Ogan
"TEXAS MURDERING CHILDREN AND FAMILIES" by Craig
N. Ogan
For over nine years, the State of Texas has been
holding me hostage, torturing me, and threatening to murder me,
because I fatally shot a Houston Police officer when he attempted to
murder me for being (in his and his partner’s words) “a f---ing DEA
snitch” (a voluntary undercover operative for the United States Drug
Enforcement Administration [DEA] since 1973, I’d sought their help
because I was in imminent mortal danger from armed drug dealers; as
the City of Houston Police Department [HPD] had rescued me from
mortal danger, hours earlier, at the DEA’s request, I’d no reason to
anticipate that these officers would try to kill me, now, in
response to my polite request for emergency assistance). I have
compelling proof that I’m telling the truth.*
When and if the State of Texas executes me,
however, they (Governor Bush, legislators, Texas Supreme Court
justices, judges, jurors, citizens & voters who tolerate and support
the death penalty,...) will not only be murdering me (and covering
up the officers’ federal-felony attempts to murder this federal drug
operative). They (with official approval of the President and
Supreme Court of the United States) will, in effect, also be killing
the children (and their children, and those children’s children,...)
whom I might otherwise beget. I.e., Texas will be killing and
destroying a potential branch of my family’s bloodline, thereby
committing, under color of law, what amounts to PREMEDITATED MASS
MURDER of dozens (or hundreds, or thousands,...) of Ogans who might
otherwise be born, during this era and who knows how many
generations to come.
Those future Ogans (who might otherwise enter the
world) have not been accused, much less convicted, of any crime,
whereas one or more of them might, for all anyone knows, be blessed
with the intellect of an Albert Einstein or George Washington Carver,
or with other attributes and talents that could vastly benefit
humanity and alter the course of history. Who (but God) can say with
certainty that one of them would not be a medical researcher who
develops a vaccine for some deadly disease(s), saving millions of
lives; or an astrophysicist who enables humans to colonize other
planets; or a brilliant diplomat who prevents a global nuclear war
and saves the human race? HAVEN’T THEY A RIGHT TO LIFE, REGARDLESS?
Capital punishment is thus also MASS ABORTION,
before conception (before human conception, i.e.; we don’t know when
God’s conception of a particular human occurs), forcibly carried out
by the state, in a vicious vindictive attack on the entire (present
and future) family of a condemned person.
As it is applied in a racially (and otherwise)
discriminatory manner, capital punishment is also GENOCIDE,
disproportionately destroying bloodlines of disadvantaged races,
classes, etc. Some may argue that life imprisonment, without
conjugal visits, has the same effect, as this also prevents the
prisoner from having any (more) children. I agree, and I submit that
this is a powerful moral and legal argument for allowing conjugal
visits in prisons. However, where there’s life there’s hope; so,
capital punishment differs, in this regard, in that it is absolute
and final. Either way, the state is playing God, at an incalculable
cost to all humanity.
Craig N. Ogan, 25 December 1998
Texas Death Camp Hostage #000979
Polunsky Unit, Texas Death Camp
3872 FM 350, South
Livingston, Texas 77351 USA
* Reverend Steve Ackerman, referred to my case in
1992 by then-Treasurer of Missouri Mr. Wendell Bailey, has found
irrefutable evidence (some of which in the original police report)
of my veracity and innocence, and of extensive fabrication, perjury,
and cover up by the police and prosecution. Rev. Ackerman can be
reached by phone at 1-520-881-2650, or by writing to him at 2444
East 4th Street, Tucson, Arizona 85719 USA. We need your help,
PLEASE, before Texas murders me and my progeny. Thank you.
STATEMENT OF FACTS RE JAMES
BOSWELL SHOOTING OF 9 DECEMBER 1989
By Craig N. Ogan, Accused
Please bear in mind, as you read this account,
that I have offered, since just after the event, to submit to
polygraphs, voice-stress tests, interrogation under truth serum or
hypnosis, and/or any other reasonable truth-eliciting test, to prove
that I was and am telling the truth, the whole truth, and nothing
but the truth, about every detail I could possibly recall re the
tragedy (and note that I offered at my “trial” to take Sodium
Pentothal, e.g., to further enhance my memory). Specifically, I have
made this offer, voluntarily and on my own initiative, to the trial
court, to the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (in
phone calls I was pre-advised were being tape-recorded), and (in
letters written in my hand and signed with my legal signature) to
the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the United States Naval
Investigative Service, and the Central Intelligence Agency. Also,
please keep in mind that I had been a federal operative/informant,
voluntarily, since 1973; and the Houston Police Department (HPD) had
just saved my life, about four hours earlier. Moreover, when this
shooting occurred, I was just a few hours from a scheduled meeting
with a CIA agent, to accept his offer (approximately three hours
earlier) of “immediate employment”, helping rescue U.S. citizens
illegally imprisoned overseas (just as I am now, in the USA).
On 9 December 1989, at approximately 1:00 A.M.,
on South Main Street in Houston, Texas, I walked up to an HPD squad
car on a convenience-store parking lot, tapped lightly on the
passenger-side window, and entered “The Twilight Zone”.... -
OFFICER [JAMES C. BOSWELL] (rolling his window
down partway): “You got a problem?” (Note: Possibly not his exact
words; I cannot recall, clearly or with certainty, his first
sentence; but he seemed irritable, or even hostile and
confrontational, making me anxious to quickly assure him, by word
and manner, that I posed no threat, was respectful and had a serious
request). -
ME: “Oh, I’m just a little upset with this (expletive)
motel over here...” (Then, quickly and apologetically:) “Pardon my
French, sir; I’m just a little upset with THEM. Anyway, I wonder if
you could help me, sir; your HPD just removed me from a very
precarious situation and escorted me to this area, a few hours ago,
at the request of the DEA...” -
OFFICER BOSWELL (interrupting, loudly and
belligerently): “What the fuck you talking about, ‘the DEA’?” -
ME (tentatively): “Yes, sir, I’m working as a C.I.
[confidential informant] for the DEA.” -
OFFICER BOSWELL (leaning back against his partner
and sneering sarcastically/contemptuously at me, and demanding
loudly and hatefully): “You mean to tell me you’re a fuckin’ DEA
snitch?!” (Then, even more loudly and menacingly) “You want me to
tell everyone out here you’re a fuckin’ snitch for the DEA?!” (Note:
The “everyone out here” whom he referred to included several small
groups of rough-looking people loitering nearby, behind me. For a
number of reasons, I suspected they might be selling drugs, most
likely crack cocaine.) -
ME (startled, confused, and terrified by his
hateful angry reaction to learning that I was a DEA informant, and
by his threats to blow my cover [which I feared he might have
already done], I suddenly felt trapped, as I was afraid to turn
around and have my face seen by the drug dealers [?] behind me, but
was also very afraid of this [heavily-armed] policeman [whom I’d
perceived as an island of security, moments before] who’d suddenly
revealed himself to be a threat to my life. So, I leaned forward
slightly and asked, politely and softly): “Sir, is that really how
you feel about what I do? I thought I was helping the police.”
[Note: I was instinctively trying to defuse and contain his (for me,
life-threatening) outbursts.] -
OFFICER BOSWELL (screaming explosively, he
appeared to be possibly on the verge of exiting the car): “You’re
fuckin’ right that’s how I feel! Now get the fuck outa here!” (Note
that his partner, Officer Clay Morgan Gainer, also called me a
“fucking snitch”; I believe it was at this point in time.) -
ME (retreating quickly and speaking timidly/apologetically):
“All right sir; I was only asking for help.” -
OFFICER BOSWELL: “WHAT did you say, motherfucker?!”
ME: “I said, ‘All right, sir; I was only asking
for help.’ ” -
OFFICER BOSWELL (throwing his door open and
bursting out of the car in an insane rage, running/lunging furiously
right at me, like a football tackle gone berserk, and clawing
frantically at his gun/holster): “I don’t give a fuck WHAT you’re
asking for!” -
ME (paralyzed/hypnotized by terror, with nowhere
to run, duck, or hide, as it sank in [through my shocked disbelief]
that this police officer was violently attacking me and was about to
shoot me, at point-blank range, I still did not react to defend
myself; but in a desperate appeal for calm/reason, I dropped,
instinctively, into a defensive stance, bracing myself for the
imminent impact [of bullets or his body, or both], and yelled):
“Sir!” (My right hand may have moved toward my gun, at this point;
I’m not sure, as it all happened so fast. Again, I’ll gladly submit
to memory-enhancement efforts by the FBI, et al.)
He screamed, “You son-of-a-bitch!”; and I saw his
gun clear the holster and/or come into view. Reflex took over. I
heard an explosion and saw his body slam back against the side of
the patrol car and crumple to the ground, lifeless (i.e., he
appeared lifeless; I later learned that he had lived a few more
hours, although he never regained consciousness). Then I saw the gun
in my hand, as the horrible realization crept over me...; I had just
shot a policeman in the head. I said something (“Oh, my God!” [?]),
in horror and dismay. His partner was kneeling outside of his side
of the car, frantically yelling into his radio, “My partner’s been
hit!” He was an easy target, as he was right across the front seat
from me (apparently, I’d run forward to the side of the car, after
firing, because I know I had retreated quite a good distance, prior
to Officer Boswell’s exit ó far enough for him to break into a
furious run, and for me to overcome my shock and disbelief enough to
react in time); and I considered for a moment that he would probably
blow me in half with a 12-gauge (shotgun) if I didn’t shoot him
first. But he wasn’t reaching for a gun or pointing a gun at me, at
that moment; he was in a panic, and I clearly recall looking into
his eyes and seeing and feeling his fear. So, even though I expected
him to kill me, I could not bring myself to shoot him, with even a
few moments to think about it, and after 16 -17 years of voluntarily
working on the side of law enforcement (also, I’d never even hunted
or shot an animal before; so, I’m sure I was in a state of shock and
confusion). Instead, I turned around and ran, in panic and horror,
running being the only apparent option to shooting this officer, too
(he’d just sat there agreeing with Officer Boswell that I was “a
fucking DEA snitch”, vs. encouraging him to stop threatening and
endangering my life and find out who I was and what kind of help I
needed; so, what else could I expect from him but gunfire, now that
I’d been forced to shoot his partner?). I’m told that I ran about
200 feet before a .45 slug slammed into my back, about an inch left
of my spine, at or just below the waist. Skidding to a halt, I threw
my gun down, put my hands up, and yelled, “O.K.!” He ran up behind
me, screaming, “Where’s the gun? Where’s the fucking gun?,” to which
I responded cooperatively, telling him I had thrown it down in the
grass, just in front and to the right of me. He threw me face-down
on the ground, cuffed my hands behind my back, and began beating and
kicking me. Half of my back seemed to have been blown away, blood
was gushing out of me, and I was sure I was dying (in fact, at one
point I had a vision [?] in which I believed I had died, and that I
was “going to God”, spinning/flying through a tunnel of
kaleidoscopic colors, passing through doorways or gateways, always
toward an intense white light which I believed was God. It may have
been my subconscious mind recording images from a rushing ambulance,
or as I was rushed through hospital corridors. I’ve since read about
research on near-death experiences, however; and many of the
accounts I’ve read described something very similar to what I saw
and experienced. Who knows?). Also, I was in shock, thoroughly
terrified, and absolutely hysterical with grief that I had just shot
a human being (a policeman!) in the head (& at gruesomely point-blank
range, too). As Officer Gainer was beating and kicking me, I even
asked him, “Why don’t you just go ahead and put a bullet in my head
and get it over with, and go help your partner?,” to which he
responded, “If there weren’t so many witnesses, I would kill you,
you son-of-a-bitch!” A paramedic testified at my “trial” that, right
after shooting Officer Boswell and being shot, I was saying, “Oh,
please don’t let him die! Let it be me!” An HPD officer who saw me
right after the shooting provided similar testimony (grudgingly).
Tragic though all of this was and is, I am not
guilty of capital murder, as I reacted, by reflex, in legally (and I
pray, morally) justifiable self-defense, at the last possible moment,
after/while attempting to retreat in the face of Officer Boswell’s
illegal unprovoked attempt to murder me because (!!!) I was a DEA
informant. It is easy to understand why HPD, Officer Gainer, and the
prosecution preferred to conceal the truth, commit perjury, and
execute an innocent man: HPD officers had shot 40 citizens to death,
already, in 1989, including Ida Lee Delaney and Byron Gillum (both
of which shootings had attracted national and even international
media and public attention and condemnation, as had the sheer number
of such shootings [a 122% increase over the 18 fatal shootings by
HPD in 1988], many of which were highly controversial for their
dubious justification, if any).
Besides, Officers Boswell and Gainer
both committed federal felonies (VIOLENT INTIMIDATION AND ATTEMPTED
MURDER OF A FEDERAL WITNESS) against the United States and me; thus,
if the truth had been exposed, Officer Gainer most likely would have
been facing a long stay in a federal penitentiary; Officer Boswell
would no longer be a viable “HPD hero who died in the line of duty”;
and HPD’s already-scandalous reputation would have been burdened
with yet another shocking case of police brutality. (Note: the DEA
had just arrested two HPD officers, hours before my tragic encounter
with Officers Boswell and Gainer, for selling confidential
information from HPD computers to drug dealers; but my jurors were
not told of this, even as they were not told that Officer Boswell
had been beaten severely with his own nightstick, seven months
earlier, by a drug suspect he was trying to arrest; Officer
Boswell’s injuries included brain contusions, 72 stitches in his
head, and loosened teeth that required months of treatment.) So,
Officer Gainer, via his fabrication and perjury, has thus far
avoided imprisonment (and fraudulently passed himself off as “the
hero cop who shot his partner’s murderer, arrested him, and helped
secure his imprisonment and sentence of death”), and (as far as I
know) has kept his job (and badge, 12 gauge, and .45), at great risk
to public safety, and at the cost of truth, justice, and my life,
freedom, and reputation (more than nine years of hell, already, for
my family and me).
God has not abandoned me, however. When I wrote
to Mr. Wendell Bailey, then-Treasurer of Missouri, about 6-7 years
ago, pleading for his help in persuading the FBI or some other
agency (or private investigator, etc.) to investigate this
unlawfully and wrongfully imprisoned and condemned Missourian’s
allegations, a man of God responded.
Rev. Steve J. Ackerman, after being referred to
my case by Mr. Bailey, has been investigating ever since (1992), and
has found compelling and abundant evidence of my veracity and actual
innocence, and of extensive fabrication, perjury, and cover up by
Officer Gainer, HPD, and the prosecution. But he is working on a
severely limited budget, and has not received much cooperation, so
far, from my Texas-appointed attorneys. Please contact him (Rev.
Steve J. Ackerman, (phone: 1-520-881-2650; address: 2444 East 4th
Street, Tucson, Arizona 85719 USA), to learn more about what his
investigation has revealed; and
PLEASE TRY TO HELP US BEFORE TEXAS MURDERS ME.
Thank You ! - Craig N. Ogan
297
F.3d 349
Craig
Neil Ogan,
Petitioner-appellant,
v.
Janie Cockrell, Director, Texas
Department of Criminal Justice,
Institutional Division, Respondent-appellee
No. 00-20942
United States Court of Appeals,
Fifth Circuit.
June 28, 2002
Before EMILIO M. GARZA,
STEWART and PARKER, Circuit Judges.
CARL E. STEWART, Circuit
Judge:
Petitioner-Appellant, Craig
Neil Ogan ("Ogan"), appeals the district court's
denial of his Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus
regarding his claims of ineffective assistance
of counsel. For the reasons assigned herein, we
affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL
HISTORY
I. Facts of the Crime
In late 1989, Ogan moved from
St. Louis, Missouri to Houston, Texas. Ogan had
acted as a confidential informant for the Drug
Enforcement Agency ("DEA") in St. Louis. However,
upon his request, the DEA relocated him to
Houston after state court prosecutions for
narcotics trafficking revealed his identity.
In Houston, DEA Agent Norman
Houle ("Agent Houle") supervised Ogan. Agent
Houle warned Ogan that the DEA did not permit
informants to carry weapons. However, while in
Houston, Ogan carried a firearm despite the DEA
policy. Agent Houle also instructed Ogan not to
get involved in any drug deals and to "just let
his face be known" around Houston. Nevertheless,
Ogan sought involvement in drug transactions.
On December 8, 1989, Ogan
called Agent Houle from Taco Rico, a Houston
restaurant, and told him that he had encountered
someone with whom he had previously attempted to
set up a drug deal. The drug deal had not
realized, but resulted in an armed confrontation.
Ogan told Agent Houle that at
the restaurant the man had put a gun to Ogan's
head, and that he had put a gun to the man's
head. The man was still outside the restaurant
when Ogan called Agent Houle. Ogan told Agent
Houle that he was afraid and asked him to come
to the restaurant and escort him safely out.
Agent Houle arranged for
Houston police officers to accompany Ogan off
the premises. Houston Police Officer Darryl
O'Leary ("Officer O'Leary") arrived to assist
Ogan at around 8:00 p.m. According to Officer
O'Leary, Ogan was extremely excited.
Ogan requested that the
officer take him to his apartment so that he
could remove some papers and tapes related to a
DEA investigation. However, Officer O'Leary told
him that he could not take him there until after
backup arrived. Ogan then became impatient,
hostile, and loud.
Houston Police Officer Steven
Hanner ("Officer Hanner") arrived to provide
backup for Officer O'Leary. The officers took
Ogan to his apartment. Ogan retrieved some items
from his apartment, including a .38 caliber
pistol, a "sawed-off" shotgun, and at least two
hunting knives. The officers followed Ogan to a
Best Western Motel, now a Motel 6, and left him
there at around 9:00 p.m.
Ogan made two or three long-distance
telephone calls after he checked in to his motel
room. Shortly thereafter, a motel employee
disconnected his long-distance service because
he had failed to leave a deposit for such
service. Ogan phoned the motel office and
requested that the service be reconnected. He
then went to the office to pay for his calls and
to leave a deposit.
While there, he complained
that the heater in his room was not functioning
properly. He was loud and upset as he complained.
He eventually left the office but returned
shortly thereafter, at around 12:30 a.m., to
complain again. He requested his money back for
the long-distance calls.
Because Ogan grew angrier as
he confronted the motel attendant, the attendant
threatened to call security. Ogan began kicking
the office door, and the attendant dialed 911.
Ogan then left the motel and began walking
toward a Stop-n-Go store.
As he was leaving, he saw a
police officer across the street from the motel.
He walked over to the patrol unit and looked in
the passenger side window. Houston Police
Officers Morgan Gainer ("Officer Gainer") and
James Boswell ("Officer Boswell") were sitting
in the patrol unit. They had driven into a
parking lot to make a traffic stop.
Ogan knocked on the window of
the patrol unit. Officer Boswell let his window
down and asked Ogan what he wanted. Ogan
responded that the DEA had left him at the motel
and that he was cold. Officer Boswell told Ogan
to back away from the car until the officers
finished the traffic stop and then let his
window back up.
However, Ogan knocked on the
window again. Officer Boswell opened the door
and again asked Ogan to step away from the car.
Ogan stated that he was a DEA informant and that
he was cold. Officer Boswell again told Ogan to
wait. Ogan repeated his previous statements, and
Officer Boswell told him that he would have to
wait, leave, or go to jail. Officer Boswell then
got out of the patrol unit.
Ogan demanded immediate
assistance. Officer Boswell unholstered his
weapon, and holding the gun behind his right leg,
reached into the patrol unit to unlock the back
door. At this point, Ogan pulled out a gun and
shot Officer Boswell in the head and then stated
"Well, fuck you then." Ogan then ran. Officer
Gainer, who had seen Officer Boswell fall
against the back door of the patrol unit, chased
Ogan. The officer caught Ogan, wounding him in
the process.
II. Ogan's Trial: Guilt-Innocence
Phase and Penalty Phase
On February 2, 1990, the
State of Texas indicted Ogan for the capital
murder of a police officer. At trial, Ogan
testified that Officer Boswell had threatened to
tell people that he was a "DEA snitch." He also
testified that Officer Boswell was "lunging"
toward him and frantically attempting to remove
his gun from the holster.
Ogan claimed to have killed
Officer Boswell in a reflexive action, without
thinking and fearing that Officer Boswell was
going to shoot him. Sally Webster ("Webster"), a
forensic psychologist, testified on Ogan's
behalf during the guilt/innocence phase of the
trial. She testified that Ogan was anxious,
agitated, and fearful for his life after moving
to Houston. She also stated that he suffered
from functional paranoia, which, according to
Webster, is not a form of insanity. She
testified that Ogan was intelligent but used his
intelligence inefficiently. She also determined
that Ogan had a passive aggressive personality
disorder. The jury found Ogan guilty.
During the penalty phase of
the trial, the State presented testimony from
several witnesses regarding Ogan's history of
aggressive behavior. Ogan countered this
evidence with testimony from several friends and
relatives. The jury answered affirmatively the
three special issues given after the sentencing
hearing,
and the trial court sentenced Ogan to death.
III. Direct Appeal to the
Texas Court of Criminal Appeals
Ogan filed a direct appeal to
the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, raising
three points of error. He challenged (1) the
sufficiency of the evidence demonstrating his
deliberate conduct in causing Officer Boswell's
death; (2) the sufficiency of the evidence
establishing his future dangerousness; and (3)
the effectiveness of his trial counsel at the
penalty stage regarding counsel's requested jury
instruction on mitigation. The Court of Criminal
Appeals affirmed Ogan's conviction and sentence.
On December 21, 1993, the United States Supreme
Court denied Ogan's writ of certiorari petition.
IV. State Habeas
Proceedings and Appeal
On February 4, 1999, the
230th District Court of Harris County, Texas,
Judge Belinda Hill, adopted the State's proposed
findings of fact, conclusions of law, and order
and recommended that the Texas Court of Criminal
Appeals deny Ogan's application for habeas
relief. The state district court concluded that
Ogan had failed to demonstrate ineffective
assistance of his trial counsel with regard to
counsel's failure to employ a mitigation
specialist and with regard to counsel's alleged
failure to investigate Ogan's history in an
effort to discover mitigating evidence. The
court also found that Ogan had failed to
demonstrate that his conviction was unlawfully
obtained.
On April 28, 1999, the Texas
Court of Criminal Appeals denied Ogan's petition
for habeas relief. In a brief order, the court
stated:
In the instant cause,
applicant presents a single allegation
challenging the validity of his conviction and
resulting sentence. The trial court has entered
findings of fact and conclusions of law
recommending the relief sought be denied. This
court has reviewed the record. The findings and
conclusions entered by the trial court are
supported by the record and upon such basis the
relief sought by the applicant is denied.
Ex Parte Ogan, No. 41,220-01
(Tex.Crim. App. April 28, 1999) (per curiam) (unpublished).
V. Federal Habeas
Proceedings
On August 3, 1999, Ogan filed
a preliminary petition for a writ of habeas
corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 2254. On December
30, 1999, Ogan filed a supplemental petition for
a writ of habeas corpus. The petition requested
relief on the following bases: (1) insufficient
evidence to sustain the jury's affirmative
answer to the statutory punishment issue on
deliberate conduct; (2) insufficient evidence to
sustain the jury's affirmative answer to the
statutory punishment issue on future
dangerousness; (3) ineffective assistance of
counsel based on trial counsel's limitation of
the jury instruction on mitigation; (4)
ineffective assistance of counsel based on trial
counsel's failure adequately to develop and
present mitigation evidence; and (5) Ogan's
purported incompetency to stand trial. The State
moved for summary judgment on all of Ogan's
claims, and the district court granted that
motion.
The district court rejected
Ogan's two insufficiency-of-the-evidence claims
regarding the special issues on the merits.
Additionally, the court rejected Ogan's claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel regarding the
jury instructions on mitigating evidence.
The district court found that
Ogan had failed to present his claim of lack of
competency to stand trial on direct review, or
during the state habeas proceedings and that he
had failed to demonstrate cause and prejudice
for this failure. Nevertheless, the court
considered the claim on the merits and rejected
it. The district court also applied the
procedural bar to Ogan's claim that his trial
counsel was ineffective for failing to recognize
the extent of his mental health problems.
The district court rejected
Ogan's remaining "miscellaneous" ineffective
assistance claims regarding state trial and
habeas counsel and the Texas state courts'
obligations to provide him with effective
counsel. The court based its rejection of these
claims on either a procedural bar, the merits,
or both. The district court also denied Ogan's
request for an evidentiary hearing.
Additionally, the court found
that Ogan had failed to make a substantial
showing of the denial of a constitutional right,
and refused to grant a COA even though Ogan had
not yet requested one. Ogan now appeals the
district court's rulings.
DISCUSSION
I. Standard of Review
Ogan filed his preliminary
habeas petition pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 2254 in
the district court on August 3, 1999, and his
supplemental petition on December 30, 1999, both
after the effective date of the Antiterrorism
and Effective Death Penalty Act ("AEDPA"). Thus,
AEDPA applies to his § 2254 application. See
Lindh v. Murphy, 521 U.S. 320, 335-36, 117 S.Ct.
2059, 138 L.Ed.2d 481 (1997); Nobles v. Johnson,
127 F.3d 409, 412-13 (5th Cir.1997). Under AEDPA,
a petitioner seeking habeas relief must obtain a
certificate of appealability ("COA"). See 28
U.S.C. 2253(c)(2). A COA may be issued only if
the prisoner makes a substantial showing of the
denial of a constitutional right. See id.
A petitioner makes this
showing if he demonstrates that his petition
involves issues which are debatable among
reasonable jurists, that a court could resolve
the issues differently, or that the issues are
adequate enough to deserve encouragement to
proceed further. Miller-El v. Johnson, 261 F.3d
445, 449 (5th Cir.2001); see also Lamb v.
Johnson, 179 F.3d 352, 356 (5th Cir.1999).
Although the nature of the
death penalty is a proper consideration for
determining whether the court should issue a COA,
its severity alone is not sufficient to warrant
the issuance of the certificate. See Lamb, 179
F.3d at 356. Nevertheless, doubts regarding the
propriety of issuing the certificate should be
resolved in favor of the petitioner. Id. Section
2254(d), as amended by AEDPA, provides that:
(d) An application for a
writ of habeas corpus on behalf of a person in
custody pursuant to the judgment of a State
court shall not be granted with respect to any
claim that was adjudicated on the merits in
State court proceedings unless the adjudication
of the claim ?
(1) resulted in a decision
that was contrary to, or involved an
unreasonable application of, clearly established
Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court
of the United States; or
(2) resulted in a decision
that was based on an unreasonable determination
of the facts in light of the evidence presented
in the State court proceeding.
"Section 2254(d)(1) provides
the standard of review for questions of law and
mixed questions of law and fact." Caldwell v.
Johnson, 226 F.3d 367, 372 (5th Cir.2000). The
court may grant habeas relief under the "unreasonable
application" clause "if the state court
identifies the correct governing legal principle
but applies it incorrectly, or expands a legal
principle to an area outside the scope intended
by the Supreme Court." Id. Furthermore, the
state court's application "must be `unreasonable'
in addition to being merely `incorrect.'" Id. In
other words, the appropriate inquiry is "`whether
the state court's application of clearly
established federal law was objectively
unreasonable.'" Id. (quoting Williams v. Taylor,
529 U.S. 362, 409, 120 S.Ct. 1495, 146 L.Ed.2d
389 (2000)).
With respect to the "contrary
to" clause of § 2254(d)(1), "a federal court may
grant the writ if the state court has arrived at
a conclusion opposite to that reached by the
Supreme Court on a question of law, or if the
state court decides the case differently than
the Supreme Court on a set of materially
indistinguishable facts." Id. This Court reviews
a district court's grant of summary judgment in
a habeas proceeding de novo. See Soffar v.
Johnson, 237 F.3d 411, 449 (5th Cir.2000). "When
reviewing summary judgment on a petition for
habeas corpus, consistent with the provisions of
28 U.S.C. 2254(d), we `presume all state court
findings of fact to be correct in the absence of
clear and convincing evidence.'" Id.; see
Caldwell, 226 F.3d at 372.
II. Procedurally Defaulted
Claims
In considering Ogan's writ of
habeas corpus petition, the district determined
that the following claims were procedurally
defaulted: (1) Ogan's claim that the state
failed to provide competent habeas counsel; (2)
his assertion that he was incompetent to stand
trial; and (3) Ogan's contention that his trial
counsel was ineffective because counsel failed
to realize the extent of his mental health
problems. The law requires that "a state
prisoner seeking to raise claims in a federal
petition for habeas corpus ordinarily must first
present those claims to the state court and must
exhaust state remedies." Martinez v. Johnson,
255 F.3d 229, 238 (5th Cir. 2001) (citing 28
U.S.C. 2254(b)).
Generally, if the petitioner
fails to follow these procedures, his claims
will be considered procedurally defaulted and
will not be regarded as a bases for granting
federal habeas relief. Id. at 239 (citing Keeney
v. Tamayo-Reyes, 504 U.S. 1, 9, 112 S.Ct. 1715,
118 L.Ed.2d 318 (1992)). However, a petitioner
can overcome this procedural default, and thus
procure federal habeas corpus review of his
barred claims, if he can demonstrate cause for
the default and actual prejudice as a result of
the alleged violation of federal law. Id. (citing
Jones v. Johnson, 171 F.3d 270, 277 (5th Cir.
1999)).
A. Failure to Provide
Competent Habeas Counsel
Ogan argued for the first
time in his federal habeas petition that the
state courts violated his rights to meaningful
access to the courts, equal protection, and due
process by refusing to remedy its earlier error
of appointing him ineffective counsel.
The district court determined that the claims
were procedurally defaulted and could not
constitute cause for any other procedurally
barred claims.
The district court further
noted that there is no underlying right to
counsel in state post-conviction review and that
there is no cognizable constitutional claim
based on the ineffectiveness of state habeas
counsel. The district court concluded that to
recognize a constitutional claim for ineffective
assistance of state habeas counsel would require
the retroactive application of a new
constitutional principle on collateral review in
violation of the Supreme Court's decision in
Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 109 S.Ct. 1060,
103 L.Ed.2d 334 (1989).
Ogan challenges the district
court's determination that he could not assert a
constitutional claim on the basis of ineffective
assistance of state habeas counsel. He asserts
that the Texas courts' appointment of
incompetent counsel was a violation of his
statutory right to competent counsel, as well as
a violation of his due process rights under the
Fourteenth Amendment. Ogan avers that because
Texas has opted to provide post-conviction
review of death sentences under article 11.071
of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, and has
guaranteed the appointment counsel under that
statute, it must follow the statutory
requirements in accordance with due process.
He concedes that the Sixth
Amendment does not guarantee effective
assistance of counsel in state post-conviction
proceedings. However, he argues that there are
other constitutional bases to support his claim
that he was entitled to effective assistance of
state habeas counsel, namely the First Amendment
right to meaningful access to courts and the
Fourteenth Amendment due process requirement
that state forums and procedures be administered
in a reasonably fair and consistent manner.
Ogan's claim that the Texas
courts violated his constitutional rights by
providing him ineffective habeas counsel is
meritless. This Court has repeatedly held,
usually in the context of rejecting petitioners'
arguments that ineffective habeas counsel is
sufficient cause to overcome a procedural bar,
that there is no constitutional right to
competent habeas counsel. See Jones v. Johnson,
171 F.3d 270, 277 (5th Cir.1999) ("The law is
well-established ... that such error committed
in a post-conviction application, where there is
no constitutional right to counsel, cannot
constitute cause."); Callins v. Johnson, 89 F.3d
210, 212 (5th Cir.1996) ("[T]here is no
constitutional right to counsel in habeas
proceedings."). Accordingly, Ogan's request for
a COA on this issue is denied.
B. Competency to Stand
Trial
In the court below, Ogan
argued that he was incompetent to stand trial.
The district court correctly determined that
Ogan failed to raise this argument on direct
appeal to the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals or
during the state habeas proceedings. Thus,
Ogan's claim is procedurally defaulted unless he
can demonstrate cause and actual prejudice.
Ogan appears to assert that
there was cause for his procedural default on
two bases: (1) the ineffectiveness of his state
habeas counsel, and (2) the Texas state courts'
violation of his constitutional rights by
allowing ineffective counsel to represent him.
As stated previously, these claims do not
constitute cause for purposes of the exception
to the procedural default rule. Jones, 171 F.3d
at 270. Therefore, Ogan's request for a COA on
the issue of his competency to stand trial is
also denied.
C. Failure to Realize the
Extent of Ogan's Mental Health Problems
In his federal habeas
petition, Ogan claimed that his trial counsel
was ineffective for failing to recognize the
extent of his mental health problems. The
district court ruled that this claim was
procedurally defaulted. The court noted that
although Ogan presented a claim to the state
habeas court that pertained to trial counsel's
failure to retain a mitigation expert, he did
not raise the present claim, which focuses on
the effect that his mental health problems may
have had on his ability to guide his own defense.
Thus, the court determined that the ineffective
assistance claim regarding his mental health
problems would be dismissed under Texas law as
an abuse of writ.
A review of the record
reveals that Ogan did not raise this claim with
the Texas courts. Ogan's claim in his state
habeas application pertained to trial counsel's
failure to have a mitigation expert testify, not
counsel's failure to recognize that his
participation in his defense was colored by his
alleged mental illness. Because Ogan is now
proceeding on a different theory than that
advanced in the state habeas court, we find this
ineffectiveness of habeas counsel claim to be
unexhausted. Whitehead v. Johnson, 157 F.3d 384,
387 (5th Cir.1998). ("The exhaustion requirement
is satisfied when the substance of the federal
habeas claim has been fairly presented to the
highest state court.... A federal court claim
must be the `substantial equivalent' of one
presented to the state courts if it is to
satisfy the `fairly presented' requirement.");
see also Dispensa v. Lynaugh, 847 F.2d 211, 217
(5th Cir.1988) (stating that this circuit "has
consistently held that a federal habeas
petitioner has failed to exhaust his state
remedies when he relies on a different legal
theory than he did in state court or when he
makes the same legal claim to a federal court
but supports the claim with factual allegations
that he did not make to the state court").
Furthermore, Ogan has wholly failed to
demonstrate cause or prejudice for his default.
Accordingly, Ogan is not entitled to a COA on
this claim.
III. Jury Instructions on
Mitigation
Lastly, Ogan argues that his
trial counsel was ineffective in failing to
request an adequate and accurate jury
instruction on mitigating evidence and in
failing to object to the "nullification
instruction" given by the trial court during the
sentencing phase. On direct review, the Texas
Court of Criminal Appeals rejected Ogan's claim.
The court determined that the aggravating and
mitigating evidence did not rise to the level of
Penry
evidence and that the evidence was properly
submitted for the jury's consideration. Also,
the district court rejected Ogan's claim,
finding that the trial court's instruction to
the jury met the requirements of Penry.
At the close of the penalty
phase of Ogan's trial, the court instructed the
jury on mitigating evidence in addition to the
Texas special issues. Specifically, the
mitigation instruction stated:
You are instructed that when
you deliberate on the questions posed in the
special issues, you are to consider all relevant
mitigating circumstances, if any, supported by
the evidence presented in both phases of the
trial, whether presented by the State or the
defendant. A mitigating circumstance may include,
but is not limited to, any aspect of the
defendant's character, background, record,
emotional instability, intelligence, or
circumstances of the crime which you believe
could make a death sentence inappropriate in
this case.
If you find that there are
any mitigating circumstances in this case, you
must decide how much weight they deserve, and
thereafter, give effect and consideration to
them in assessing the defendant's personal
culpability, at the time you answer the special
issue. If you determine, when giving effect to
the mitigating evidence, if any, that a life
sentence, as reflected by a negative finding to
the issue under consideration, rather than a
death sentence, is an appropriate response to
the personal culpability of the defendant, then
a negative finding should be given to that
special issue under consideration.
Ogan's counsel requested that
the trial judge include the mitigating
circumstances of "intelligence" and "emotional
instability" in the jury instruction. The judge
declined the opportunity to include any more
specific instructions on mitigating
circumstances.
Recently, on June 4, 2001,
the United States Supreme Court held
constitutionally inadequate an instruction, in
conjunction with the three Texas special issues,
nearly identical to the above instruction. See
Penry v. Johnson, 532 U.S. 782, 804, 121 S.Ct.
1910, 150 L.Ed.2d 9 (2001) (Penry II).
Specifically, the Court stated:
The three special issues
submitted to the jury were identical to the ones
we found constitutionally inadequate as applied
in Penry I. Although the supplemental
instruction made mention of mitigating evidence,
the mechanism it purported to create for the
jurors to give effect to that evidence was
ineffective and illogical.
The comments of the court and
counsel accomplished little by way of
clarification. Any realistic assessment of the
manner in which the supplemental instruction
operated would therefore lead to the same
conclusion we reached in Penry I: "[A]
reasonable juror could well have believed that
there was no vehicle for expressing the view
that Penry did not deserve to be sentenced to
death based upon his mitigating evidence." Id. (alteration
in original). The jury instructions given in
Ogan's case may raise Eighth Amendment concerns
under this recent Supreme Court precedent.
However, Ogan presents this claim as a Sixth
Amendment ineffective-assistance-of-counsel
claim, and it must be analyzed accordingly.
In order to establish
ineffective assistance of counsel, Ogan must
prove (1) deficient performance, which requires
a showing that counsel's representation "fell
below an objective standard of reasonableness,"
and (2) that the deficient performance resulted
in actual prejudice. Strickland v. Washington,
466 U.S. 668, 688, 692, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d
674 (1984). In Strickland, the Supreme Court
directs reviewing courts to "indulge a strong
presumption that counsel's conduct falls within
the wide range of reasonable professional
assistance." Id. at 689, 104 S.Ct. 2052.
As the Court stated "[a] fair
assessment of attorney performance requires that
every effort be made to eliminate the distorting
effects of hindsight, to reconstruct the
circumstances of counsel's challenged conduct,
and to evaluate the conduct from counsel's
perspective at the time." Id. "The determination
whether the performance of counsel was deficient
is based upon the law as it existed at the time
of trial." Lucas v. Johnson, 132 F.3d 1069, 1078
(5th Cir.1998) (citing Lockhart v. Fretwell, 506
U.S. 364, 371, 113 S.Ct. 838, 122 L.Ed.2d 180
(1993)).
When Ogan's trial took place,
the Supreme Court had not yet decided whether
the supplemental instruction given during
Penry's second trial was sufficient to remedy
the constitutional infirmities that the Court
found existed in his first trial. Ogan's trial
counsel did not have the benefit of the Supreme
Court's guidance in Penry II, and we have held
that "counsel is not required to anticipate
subsequent developments in the law." Lucas, 132
F.3d at 1078-79; see also Gray v. Lucas, 677
F.2d 1086, 1096 (5th Cir.1982) (holding that
trial counsel's failure to object to the
prosecutor's interjection of future
dangerousness through expert testimony did not
constitute deficient performance where this
circuit's ruling discrediting such testimony was
decided three years after trial).
We find that counsel's
failure to object to the supplemental
instruction given at the conclusion of the
sentencing phase of Ogan's trial was not
objectively unreasonable. In fact, prior to the
Supreme Court's ruling in Penry II, we had
consistently approved supplemental mitigating
evidence instructions similar to the instruction
given in this case. See Emery v. Johnson, 139
F.3d 191, 200 (5th Cir.1997); Miller v. Johnson,
200 F.3d 274, 290 (5th Cir.2000).
In Emery, the petitioner was
sentenced to death under the same version of
article 37.071 of the Texas Code of Criminal
Procedure used in Ogan's trial. At the
conclusion of the punishment phase, the trial
court gave the following instruction:
[Y]our answers to the Special
Issues, which determine the punishment to be
assessed the defendant by the court, should be
reflective of your finding as to the personal
moral culpability of the defendant in this case.
When you deliberate about the questions posed in
the Special Issues, you are to consider any
mitigating circumstances supported by the
evidence presented in both phases of the trial.
A mitigating circumstance may
be any aspect of the defendant's background,
character, and record, or circumstances of the
crime, which you believe makes a sentence of
death inappropriate in this case. If you find
that there are any mitigating circumstances, you
must decide how much weight they deserve and
give them effect when you answer the special
issues. If you determine, in consideration of
this evidence, that a life sentence, rather than
a death sentence, is an appropriate response to
the personal moral culpability of the defendant,
you are instructed to answer the Special Issue
under consideration "No."
Id. at 200. We concluded that
[t]his instruction allowed
the jury to consider any appropriate mitigating
circumstance,... and required the jury not to
sentence [the petitioner] to death if a life
sentence was appropriate in light of his moral
culpability. The instruction adequately
addressed the Court's concerns about Texas's
death penalty scheme by giving the jury the
ability to consider any appropriate mitigating
circumstance.
Id. We would be hard pressed
to now find that trial counsel's decision not to
object to the supplemental instruction given in
Ogan's case, in light of the pre-Penry II
rulings of this court, constituted deficient
performance under Strickland. Because we find
that Ogan has failed to demonstrate deficient
performance, he has not met the first prong of
the Strickland inquiry. We conclude therefore
that Ogan has not substantially shown the denial
of his right to effective assistance of counsel.
Thus, his application for a COA on this issue is
denied.
CONCLUSION
For the reason stated herein,
we find that the district court properly refused
to grant habeas relief to Ogan.
AFFIRMED.
*****
Special Issue No. 2 asked: "Is
there a probability that the defendant, Craig
Neil Ogan, would commit criminal acts of
violence that would constitute a continuing
threat to society?"
Special Issue No. 3 asked: "Was
the conduct of the defendant, Craig Neil Ogan,
in killing the deceased unreasonable in response
to the provocation, if any, by the deceased?"
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