by Marlee MacLeod

Meet Edmund

When you're 6'9'', it's hard to keep a low profile, and to this rather obvious fact, we may owe much of our insight into the mind of the serial killer. It must have occurred to Edmund Kemper, as he drove frantically eastward from the scene of his last two murders that the jig was most definitely up. His six previous murders had been so carefully planned and carried out. He had picked up young female hitchhikers, women with whom he'd had no previous contact, and after he'd killed them, he took great care to conceal their identities and eliminate evidence.But now, he had committed a murder, the circumstances of which would point straight to him-he had killed his mother in her own home. It would only be a matter of time until her body and that of her friend, whom he'd also dispatched, were discovered.

Police would soon begin searching for Edmund, and, with his unmistakable appearance, he must have known there was really nowhere for him to hide. So, exhausted and anxious, Edmund placed a call from a phone booth in Pueblo, Colorado to the police in Santa Cruz, California. And he spilled his guts, so to speak.

Still, the scope and detail of his confession can't be completely attributed to his appearance. If he'd wanted, he probably could've confessed only to his last two murders, keeping mum about the six hitchhikers. There was no direct evidence as of yet connecting him with any of those killings. He'd been careful, and because two other serial killers were operating in the Santa Cruz area at roughly the same time, police were confused as to who was killing whom. But Edmund had had a lot on his mind for a long time and was ready to be rid of all of it. Also, the size of his ego rivaled the size of his body, and once he was the center of police attention, he must have enjoyed the spotlight. He told them details that only he knew, that he expected they'd never be able to uncover on their own. He felt important and intelligent. He was relieved to be speaking openly of what he'd kept hidden for so long. And the police, recognizing all this, listened closely. Edmund talked and talked and talked, and when interrogators thought he couldn't possibly give them anything else, he talked some more. Because he did talk, we know a lot about what motivates such a killer, what peculiar thoughts and fantasies occupy such a mind.

Childhood

Edmund Emil Kemper III's childhood parallels that of many serial killers-his parents, Clarnell and E.E. Kemper, Jr., had a stormy marriage and separated when Edmund was nine. They divorced four years later, and he pined for his absent father through a succession of stepfathers. In their new home of Helena, Montana his domineering mother and sisters belittled him, and as he grew older they banished him to the basement because they considered his sharing a room with his sister unseemly. His ever-increasing size was disconcerting, even when he was a pre-teen, and Clarnell constantly reminded him of this.

Not that his parents didn't try-indeed, both Edmund's parents were much more engaged in his upbringing and wellbeing than many parents were. But Edmund was difficult. He was unduly afraid of being physically hurt by other boys and unable to sustain friendships with his peers. He was unable to put the pain of his parents' divorce behind him. He tortured and killed animals, and he entertained fantasies, which combined sex and violence from an early age. His mother found him dour and unmanageable, and he was sent to Los Angeles, at his own request, to live with his father and stepmother. Their reaction to him was the same as his mother's-his strangeness was threatening, and they were quickly at their wits' end for something to do with him. With frightened exasperation, Kemper Jr. sent Edmund away. Maude and Edmund Kemper, Sr. (Edmund's paternal grandparents) had a seventeen-acre farm in North Fork, California, and Edmund was brought there during the Christmas holidays of 1963.

He was not pleased to be left at the farm with his grandparents when the holidays ended, but he began school anyway and seemed to make at least some progress. His teachers at Sierra Joint Union High School in nearby Tollhouse, California found him quiet, rather meek in fact. He caused no trouble, made average grades, and drew no undue attention to himself, apart from his size. At home with his grandparents, the situation was tense, but bearable. They found him disconcerting, as had his mother and father, but he kept busy and out from underfoot with his dog and a .22 rifle given to him by Kemper, Sr. He shot rabbits and gophers, and he shot birds (though he had been warned not to), but evidently contained his aggression to this one outlet. At the end of the school year he returned to his mother and sisters in Helena, ostensibly to spend the summer, but within two weeks he was back at the farm.

Upon his return, Maude Kemper commented that he had regressed. He seemed more sullen, more ominous, and now that he wasn't in school, he was ever present at the farm. For his part, Edmund found his grandmother a nag and his grandfather a bore. His violent fantasies returned, this time starring Maude. He imagined her in the outhouse as he shot it full of holes. He lined her up unawares in the sites of his rifle and thought about what it would be like to kill her. As the tension at the farm mounted, his grandmother grew more nervous. She took Kemper, Sr.'s .45 caliber pistol with her on at least one outing, for fear it would fall into Edmund's hands. She had warned him not to touch it, but obviously did not trust him to do as he was told. Edmund took this lack of trust as an insult, and brooded on it. All summer long, the tension grew.

On August 27, 1964, Edmund sat with Maude at the kitchen table, going over proofs from a children's book she was writing. Looking up, she noticed Edmund had an odd stare, and frightening look she had seen many times before. It unnerved her, and she told him to stop it. After a moment, Edmund picked up his gun and whistled for his dog, saying he was headed out to shoot some gophers. Maude warned him not to shoot the birds, and returned her attention to her work. Edmund turned around upon exiting the house and watched her through the screen door. Her back was to him as he raised his rifle and took aim at her head. He fired once, and Maude slumped at the table. Then he fired twice more, hitting her in the back. Inside the house again, he wrapped her head in a towel and dragged the body into the bedroom. Within a few minutes, Kemper Sr. returned home from buying groceries. As he began to unload the truck Edmund took aim and shot him in the back of the head.

Edmund was dismayed, not only because of what he'd done, but because he knew he'd be caught. His grandparents weren't the sorts to take off on a sudden extended vacation, so even if he hid their bodies, their friends and family would miss them immediately. Confused and fretful, he called his mother in Montana, who advised him to call the sheriff. He was taken in for questioning, and soon he confessed to both murders, saying he'd often thought of killing his grandmother, and that he'd killed his grandfather as an act of mercy, to protect him from seeing his dead wife and possibly having a heart attack. Edmund was incarcerated in Juvenile Hall while the California Youth Authority decided what to do with him. A court-appointed psychiatrist diagnosed Edmund as paranoid and psychotic, and the Youth Authority committed him to Atascadero State Hospital. He entered the facility on December 6, 1964. He was not yet sixteen years old.

Atascadero

Atascadero State Hospital, though a secure facility, was by no means a prison. There were no guard towers, and the purpose of one's stay was treatment, not penance. Edmund took an extensive battery of tests and began to gain insight, if not into the nature of his own crime, into what others thought of that crime. He didn't accept actual responsibility for his crime, saying it had been beyond his control, but he worked hard at learning the language of treatment and appearing recovered. He worked in the psychology laboratory and helped administer tests. He took pride in doing a good job, which his doctors interpreted as a very good sign. Sociopaths (and Edmund had been diagnosed at Atascadero as that) were usually reluctant and uncooperative workers, but Edmund seemed eager to do his best.

Meanwhile, he got to know others at Atascadero, including serial rapists who shared stories of their crimes with him. The tales of their exploits made an impression, and his rapidly developing teenage sexual awareness became inextricably linked with domination and violence. In Atascadero, this kind of thinking seemed not perverse, but quite normal. His violent sexual fantasies became intricate and intense. And he took note of what the incarcerated rapists around him had done wrong. They had been caught because they hadn't been smart-they left witnesses and evidence. They attacked women they knew, or they did their attacking in too public a place. Quietly, he filed this information in a corner of his mind. Although he hadn't yet formed any concrete plan, he knew each fact, each story would be useful to him later. He didn't share his fantasies with his doctors, though. For them, he behaved and worked hard. He claimed religious conversion and took to looking up any biblical reference he heard. He was clean-cut and conservative, intelligent and sheltered, and when he was released in 1969, the changes that had occurred in the outside world must have come as quite a shock. His renewed contact with the outside world began at a community college near Atascadero. While he attended school, he was still under the supervision of the Youth Authority.

Edmund was a square. All around him hippies sported long hair and flouted authority while he, with his short hair and neat mustache, wished fervently to be a law enforcement officer. His hopes were dashed. In addition to minimum height requirements both the local and state police had maximum height limits. Edmund was too tall to be a cop. To assuage his disappointment, he bought a motorcycle. With it, he could at least feel like a cop. Meanwhile, he did very well in his studies, and after three months, he was paroled for another eighteen months. His doctors at Atascadero had recommended strongly that he not be returned to his mother, who had relocated to Santa Cruz, California. Against their advice, the Youth Authority sent him straight to her.

Between Crimes

Clarnell Strandberg (as she was now known, having been married and divorced again) held a responsible position as an administrative assistant on the University of California at Santa Cruz campus. She was competent and well liked, and the absence of her son had given her several years of relative peace (ex-husband aside). But verbal battles loud enough to be heard by the neighbors began upon Edmund's arrival at her duplex in suburban Aptos. She still harangued and blamed him, and Edmund would later claim that she hounded him relentlessly about matters as trivial as whether he should get his teeth cleaned. Often he sought refuge at the Jury Room, a local bar frequented by off-duty police and deputies. He was still fascinated by law enforcement and whiled away many an hour discussing the merits and shortcomings of various sorts of guns and ammunition with the officers. He was respectful of them, and they referred to him as "Big Ed."

Edmund took various positions as a laborer, and finally secured one with the Division of Highways, which enabled him to move out of his mother's home and into an apartment in Alameda, which he shared with a friend. Still, he said later, his mother continued to berate and belittle him. And he quickly wrecked his motorcycle twice. The Division of Highways gave him time off to recuperate from his broken left arm after the second accident. With an out-of-court settlement, he bought a car that looked very much like an unmarked police vehicle.

He equipped it with a radio transmitter and microphone and a large whip antenna, and he began to pick up hitchhikers. Small, pretty female hitchhikers. He watched how they reacted to him. He learned how to make them trust him. He delivered them safely to their destinations, and privately, he indulged in his violent fantasies, imagining what he would do to his captive hitchhikers when he finally got all the details taken care of, all the possibilities seen to. He began to outfit his car for his future plans. The antenna came off, and the passenger door was rigged to keep it from being opened from the inside. Plastic bags, knives, guns, and a blanket went into the trunk. Edmund picked up girl after girl, treating each as a sort of experiment, waiting for his moment. It took a while, more than a year of picking up girls and letting them go, but on May 7, 1972, Edmund's moment finally came.

The First Three

Mary Ann Pesce and Anita Luchese were students at Fresno State College, and they were hitchhiking to Stanford University after a couple of days in Berkeley. They never reached their destination, and the families of both filed missing persons reports, though it was hard to get the police to pursue such a case with gusto, what with so many runaways and transients around the Bay Area. Girls disappeared all the time, only to turn up sooner or later with this or that friend or boyfriend. Even if the police had sprung into immediate action it wouldn't have done any good. Edmund had dispatched Mary Ann and Anita soon after picking them up. After driving them around for a bit, he took his gun out from under the seat and pulled off into a deserted area. He put Anita in the trunk of his car and turned his attention toward Mary Ann. He handcuffed her, laid her across the backseat face down, put a plastic bag over her head, then attempted to strangle her with a length of terrycloth. But she bit a hole in the bag and the cloth snapped. Frustrated, Edmund pulled out his knife and stabbed her repeatedly. Eventually, he slashed her throat. He removed Anita from the trunk and, with a larger knife, he began to stab her. She fought and screamed, but he eventually wore her down.

He drove around with the bodies in the car for a while, deciding what to do. Eventually he brought Mary Ann's body into his apartment, where he undressed and dissected her. He also beheaded Anita's body. Mary Ann's body was buried in the plastic bag he'd used to try to suffocate her, and later Edmund would lead police to this site. He kept both their heads for a while, eventually disposing of them in a ravine. Mary Ann's was found and identified in August. Neither Anita's head nor her body was ever found.

No one suspected polite, clean-cut Edmund Kemper of anything untoward, so he continued to prowl. On the evening of September 14, 1972, he picked up Aiko Koo, a fifteen-year-old dancer of Korean descent, who was on her way to a dance class. She had tired of waiting for the bus and decided to hitchhike. Aiko caught onto his plan quickly and panicked. He convinced her that he was planning to use the gun to kill himself, and that if she didn't try to signal police or passersby she would not be harmed. He drove into the mountains and turned off the main road, parking out of sight. He taped her mouth and tried to suffocate her by putting his thumb and index finger in her nostrils. She fought, but lost consciousness, only to awaken again moments later. Edmund began to suffocate her again, this time continuing until she stopped breathing completely. He removed her from the car, laid her on the ground, and raped her. With her own scarf, he strangled her, and when he was absolutely sure she was dead, he put her body in the trunk and drove away from the scene. He stopped soon at a local bar and had a couple of beers, and, after that, he went to his mother's house. From time to time, he would open the trunk and gaze at his conquest. Late that night he brought Aiko's body into his apartment and placed it on his bed. He dissected her just as he had Mary Ann and Anita, and he disposed of her head and hands in a different location than the rest of her body. Very little of her ever turned up, and her disappearance was not thought to be related to Mary Ann and Anita.

Three More Girls

Four months passed. Other victims of other killers were found in the Bay Area and public concern was aroused, but Edmund was under no suspicion for any of the killings. On January 8, 1973 he bought a .22 caliber automatic pistol, even though he was forbidden to own a firearm because of his prior crime. He had no trouble with the purchase in spite of his record, but he feared that eventually the police might catch on to the fact that he was in illegal possession of a handgun. He stepped up his cruising and killing activities beginning that very day.

He picked up Cindy and drove her into the hills near Watsonville, where he forced her into the trunk and shot her with his new gun. The bullet lodged in her skull. Edmund had recently moved back in with his mother, so he brought the body to the duplex in Aptos and into his room there, and when Clarnell left for work the next morning he had sex with Cindy's corpse. He dissected her in the bathtub, taking great care afterward to wash away all traces of what he'd done. He removed the bullet from her skull and buried the head in his mother's back yard. Later he threw the body parts, which he put in plastic bags, off a cliff. This time, however, the body was discovered within twenty-four hours. Edmund took notice, but still wasn't really worried. He'd been extraordinarily careful. Within a month he was ready to kill again.

On the night of February 5, 1973, Edmund and Clarnell had a monumental row, and Edmund stormed out of the apartment, keyed up and ready to strike. He picked up Rosalind first and engaged her in conversation. In a short while, he stopped for another hitchhiker, Alice. She had no trepidation about getting in the car, what with Rosalind already there and the UC Santa Cruz parking sticker (which Clarnell had procured) prominently displayed. They rode for a while, and this time Edmund didn't even stop the car to do his killing. He drew Rosalind's attention to a lovely view off to the passenger side, and as she looked, he slowed down, drew his .22, and shot her in the head. Quickly, he pointed the gun at Alice in the back seat and fired several times. Unlike Rosalind, she didn't die immediately. He shot her again point blank once he got out of town, and that finished her off. Pulling into a cul-de-sac, he quickly transferred the bodies to the trunk.

He stopped for gas, then went to his mother's duplex, which he quickly left again, claiming to need cigarettes. Once outside the apartment, he pulled the car to the street, opened the trunk, and beheaded the bodies. The next morning, he brought Alice's body inside and had sex with it in his room. He also brought in Rosalind's head so he could remove the bullet that had lodged in it, as he had done before with Cindy's. He drove away from Santa Cruz to dispose of most of the body parts, then on to Pacifica to get rid of the heads and hands.

Mother and Sara

Clarnell Strandberg never seemed to show any suspicion that Edmund was up to such depravity, and she probably didn't suspect that she'd become his victim. But on Easter weekend, roughly a month after the killings of Rosalind and Alice, he decided the time had come to be rid of her. He waited all night in his room while Clarnell slept peacefully, carefully considering what he was about to do. At 5:15 a.m., he got a hammer from the kitchen and went to her bedroom. He struck her once, very hard, and then slashed her throat. Within a minute, he had killed and beheaded her, removing her larynx in the process. He tried to put it down the garbage disposal, but the machine spat it back out, which Edmund found darkly appropriate and not at all surprising. He hid her body in a closet and cleaned up a bit, then left the house.

That afternoon he pondered what to do, and decided that if someone else were found dead with his mother, then suspicion might point away from him. Returning to the duplex, he called Sara Hallett, a friend of Clarnell's, to invite her dinner. He wasn't able to reach her immediately, and he fretted about his plan until Sara called for Clarnell at around 5:00 p.m. He made the invitation, saying the dinner was a surprise for his mother. When Sara arrived he strangled her, first manually, and finally, with the scarf he had obtained from Aiko. He then removed Sara's clothes and put her on his bed, and sometime that night attempted to have sex with her corpse.

On Easter Sunday morning, he left town, driving east in Sara's car. Fearing discovery, he rented another car and dropped off Sara's car at a gas station, telling the attendant it needed repair. He drove for eighteen hours, stopping only for gas and sodas and No-Doz. He was stopped in Colorado for speeding, but his seemingly staid, quiet appearance belied his crimes. He paid his fine and moved on. Finally, exhausted, he stopped in Pueblo, Colorado. He placed a call to the Santa Cruz Police Department, where he already knew several of the officers, and he began his marathon confession.

The initial contact required several calls. First, he had to convince the Santa Cruz Police he wasn't a crank caller. Then he had to help them find him. He was disoriented and wasn't quite sure how to lead police to the Pueblo phone booth from which he was placing his calls. When he was taken into custody, a party of investigators from Santa Cruz headed for Pueblo, where they would question Edmund about the crimes for which he claimed responsibility. As their tape recorder rolled, Edmund talked, giving incredibly explicit and detailed confessions to all eight murders

Punishment

Upon his return to Santa Cruz, Edmund led investigators to the various disposal sites he had used and continued his seemingly endless confession. When he was finally finished, he'd been so thorough that he left his court-appointed public defender, James Jackson, no avenue for defense except that of insanity.

A series of witnesses was brought in to try to establish that Edmund was not responsible for his crimes, but the prosecutor undermined the testimony of each one. Prosecution witness, Dr. Joel Fort, did the most damage to Edmund's insanity defense. He had spent quite a bit of time reviewing Edmund's case, going all the way back to his diagnoses after the killing of his grandparents and during his time at Atascadero. He had also interviewed Edmund, eliciting previously unknown information about his sexual practices with the bodies, and even cannibalism.

Edmund was not a paranoid schizophrenic, Fort said. He was obsessed with sex and violence, and he craved attention, going so far as to slash his own wrists with a ball point pen during the trial in an ostensible suicide attempt, but he was not insane. Furthermore, Fort said, if he were ever released he would kill again, and he would kill the same sort of victim. During the three weeks of the trial, no witness, not even Edmund's sister or his doctors from Atascadero, was able to convince the jury that Edmund was insane. They deliberated for only five hours, and they found Edmund guilty of first-degree murder on all eight counts. After a short observation stint at Vacaville Medical Facility, he was sent to the maximum-security prison at Folsom for the rest of his life.

Edmund Kemper remains behind bars. Since he was put away in 1973, countless other serial killers, many just as brutal and depraved as he, have captured our attention. Edmund, as if to maintain his place in our consciousness, remains eager to speak of his crimes. He has done extensive interviews with Robert Ressler of the FBI, which were aimed at building the FBI's nascent serial killer profiling program. In 1988, he participated, along with the notorious John Wayne Gacy, in a satellite broadcast during which each killer discussed his crimes. As always, he was loquacious and explicit, and he seemed to have garnered quite a bit of psychological insight into the nature of his crimes. In prison, he is well behaved and cooperative, and seems to take great pride in his status as the "genius" serial killer who aided in his own capture and conviction. He knows, as we know, that his release would lead to tragedy, and he is aware of and resigned to the fact that he isn't going anywhere. That's okay with him, and it's certainly okay with us.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

There is only major book devoted to Edmund Kemper it is out of print and difficult to obtain.:  Margaret Cheney's Why: The Serial Killer in America was published in 1992 by R& E Publishers (Saratoga, CA).

Robert K. Ressler's book, Whoever Fights Monsters: My Twenty Years Tracking Serial Killers for The FBI, does have approximately twenty pages on Kemper.  Ressler interviewed Kemper extensively for the FBI's serial killer profiling group.

Jay Robert Nash has a chapter on Edmund Kemper in his encyclopedia Bloodletters and Badmen (M. Evans and Co, 1995).

Additional information is also available from contemporary San Francisco newspapers, such as the San Francisco Chronicle.

CrimeLibrary.com

EDMUND KEMPER

The Coed Butcher

On August 27, 1964, 15-year-old Edmund Emil Kemper III was with his paternal grandparents on their 17-acre ranch in North Fork , California . He'd gone there during the previous Christmas holidays, remaining for the rest of that school year before returning to his mother, and was now back. He wasn't happy about that. Already six-foot-four and socially awkward, he was an intimidating figure, and people tended to shunt him from one place to another. He'd grown frustrated and angry, and later described himself as a "walking time bomb." If only someone had known then how to defuse his rage. Instead, the people around him seemed to ensure that it would grow worse.

Kemper disliked how his mother treated him, and his grandmother was just as bad. They were always pushing him around and telling him what to do. According to his own statements, he harbored fantasies of killing and mutilating them. And not just them: As a child, writes psychiatrist Donald Lunde in Murder and Madness , Kemper wished that everyone else in the world would die, and he envisioned killing many of them himself. He had also indulged in tormenting cats. He'd buried one alive, then dug it up, cut off its head and stuck the head on a stick.

That August afternoon, he argued in the kitchen with his sixty-six-year-old grandmother, Maude. Lunde, who interviewed him at length years later, says that he had displaced his anger at his mother onto Maude, so it did not take much to make him react. Enraged, Kemper grabbed a rifle, and when she warned him not to shoot the birds, he turned and shot her instead. He hit her in the head, writes Margaret Cheney in Why? The Serial Killer in America , killing her, and then shot her twice in the back. (Lunde says that he also stabbed her repeatedly with a kitchen knife, and David K. Frazier writes in Murder Cases of the Twentieth Century that it was three times in the back.) So his first killing, if this account is correct, was impulsive, more a thoughtless act than a planned predatory incident. But then he had to do something to hide it from his grandfather. He was a big kid for his age, the product of a six-foot mother and a father who was six-foot-eight. So he did not have much difficulty dragging his grandmother's corpse into the bedroom.

But then his grandfather, also named Edmund, drove up. The man was 72, and it was he who had given the boy the .22 caliber rifle the previous Christmas. Young Edmund heard his car outside. He went to the window and made the decision to finish the job he'd begun. As the elderly man got out of the car, Kemper raised the rifle and shot him as well. Cheney says that he then hid the body in the garage. "In his way," writes Lunde, "he had avenged the rejection of both his father and his mother."

Not knowing what else to do, he called his mother in Montana and told her what he had done. Clarnell urged him to call the police, and no doubt she was thinking of the dire warning that Cheney says she had given Edmund's biological father, whose parents were now dead. She had told him not to be surprised if the boy killed them one day.

The Incomprehensible Edmund Kemper

Kemper called the police and they came to the ranch to take him into custody. He was waiting calmly on the porch for them. They placed him with the California Youth Authority, and in an interview, the police later reported, he said he had shot Grandma to see what it felt like. That comment would become the quote most often associated with him, used to show how cold-blooded he was at such a young age. Yet another reading of it indicates that he was merely stating the end result of his frustration with the woman. He explained that he'd killed his grandfather to spare him having to find Maude dead, murdered by her grandson.

At the time, it seemed incomprehensible to the California system that a child could do such a thing. He was sent for psychiatric testing and diagnosed as having paranoid schizophrenia. He was also found to have a near-genius IQ. Instead of staying at a facility operated by the Youth Authority, he ended up at the secure Atascadero State Hospital for the Criminally Insane, and because he was so intelligent and astute he was allowed access to some of the assessment devices - even to administer them at times, according to John Douglas in Mindhunter . Frazier says that while in the hospital, Kemper actually memorized the responses to 28 different assessment instruments, providing himself with the proper tools to convince those doctors who evaluated him that he would be safe to release upon his 21st birthday. With his mother's help, he achieved this.

The most comprehensive sources on Kemper's case come from people who wrote during the 1970s, immediately after his trial, including psychiatrist Donald Lunde and authors Ward Damio and Margaret Cheney (who had access to transcripts of what she called his "compulsive confessing"). Kemper also did an interview in 1978, which ended up on Court TV's Mugshots program. Others included former FBI profilers Robert R. Ressler and John Douglas, who interviewed him at length and discussed their encounters with him in their respective books.

While self-report is generally suspect, what Kemper has to say about himself and his background is revealing. Accounts of him generally emphasize his huge size - six-foot-nine and nearly three hundred pounds - but the manner in which he thinks and speaks is more interesting. Kemper's string of crimes was the third for San Jose , California , since 1970, so it's instructive to look at the first two briefly to understand the climate of fear that hovered over the area upon his arrest.

Just after he came out of Atascadero , the town that would become his new home made national headlines.

Death Capital of the World

The beach town of Santa Cruz lies south of San Francisco on the Pacific Coast . Surrounded by mountains, ocean, and towering redwood trees, it's a tourist Mecca and an upscale place to own a home or rent an apartment. During the early 1970s, when the murders began, townspeople were already torn over the "hippies" moving in, thanks in part to the University of California opening a new campus there. Young people flooded in, and not all of them were what residents called "desirable."

At the time, Damio writes, 95 percent of murders that occurred in America were primarily situational - inspired by tense domestic incidents or the result of some kind of altercation among acquaintances. But the murders during the 1970s in Santa Cruz defied this pattern, and while one killer was quickly captured after his crime, for several months no arrests were made or suspects identified for the other cases. By 1973, people were purchasing guns to protect themselves, because clearly these offenders were boldly entering the homes of ordinary citizens.

Near the end of 1970, John Linley Frazier murdered five people - the Ohta family and Dr. Ohta's secretary - to stop what he viewed as the spread of progress that was ruining the natural environment. An extremist in the hippie lifestyle, he was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia but nevertheless was found sane and convicted. His trial became a circus, in part because he wanted to appear to be pretending to be insane so the jury would believe he was malingering. But there was also an air of suspicion against "hippies," because over the span of two nights during the previous year Charles Manson and his gang had massacred seven people down in Los Angeles . Like Manson, Frazier had invaded a home and brutally killed the occupants (including two children) for some bizarre drug-inspired vision.

Then in late 1972 and early '73, across a terrifying period of four months, another series of murders occurred around Santa Cruz . Among the victims were four campers, a priest, a man digging in his garden, a young girl, and a mother and her two children. The police finally stopped the killer, Herbert Mullin, 25. Although he had been institutionalized and evaluated as a danger to others, he'd nevertheless become an outpatient, which allowed him to roam freely. He'd stopped taking his antipsychotic medication and "heard" a voice that urged him to kill. It was his mission, Mullin believed, to save the people of California from a super-earthquake that would send it into the ocean. Thus, he decided that he had to "sing the die song," which he believed would persuade thirteen people to either kill themselves or allow themselves to become human sacrifices (which he said they conveyed to him telepathically). Using a knife, gun, or baseball bat to slay those he selected, he killed until police picked him up. Also diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia, he was nevertheless considered legally sane and was convicted on ten counts of murder.

But even before that, in May 1972, female hitchhikers began to disappear. To subdue public panic, the authorities tried linking these disappearances to Mullin so they could assure the community that the spate of murders was at an end, but it soon turned out to be another person altogether - someone who surprised them.

Eventually the Santa Cruz Sentinel , the local newspaper, would put together a magazine that reviewed important events in the area across the decades and featured these three killers. "It felt like the actions of a world gone crazy," recalled reporter Tom Honig. The 1970s was an age of violence, and along with Frazier and Mullin, they would add Edmund Kemper, now a young man. Altogether the three killed 28 people, and represented the three basic types of multiple murderers: Frazier killed all his victims at once, Mullin in a spree (accounting for his projected goal of thirteen), and Kemper as a serial killer.

Early Life of Edmund Kemper

Kemper's crimes began before Mullin and stopped after him. What precipitated it, according to his account in several interviews, was his mother's constant needling and humiliation. When released by the parole board from Atascadero in 1969, the psychiatrists had advised that Kemper not be returned to Clarnell, because it could trigger more violence. But it appeared that no one was keeping watch. Having no means of support and no assistance from the Youth Authority, Kemper did move in with Clarnell and, according to him, she took up berating him again.

Having left her third husband, she had taken a job at the new university in Santa Cruz as an administrative assistant and moved into a duplex on Ord Drive in Aptos. They had frequent arguments that the neighbors overheard. Whether or not Clarnell was a primary influence in his subsequent actions, there is no doubt that they had an unrelentingly toxic relationship. As part of his parole requirements, Kemper went to a community college and did well, but he hoped to get into the police academy one day. When he learned that he was too tall, his consolation was to hang out in the jury room where the police gathered and listen to their stories. They knew him as "Big Ed" and generally thought of him as a polite young man. His voice was soft, his manner polite, and his speech intelligent and articulate. He idolized John Wayne and everyone knew it. Little did they know that they would eventually be telling one of their most bizarre tales about him .

He got several different jobs and finally ended up with the California Highway Department. When he had saved enough money to move out of his mother's home, he went north to Alameda , near San Francisco , and shared an apartment with a friend. But he often had no money and sometimes ended up back with Clarnell. He purchased a motorcycle, but got into two separate accidents, one of which Damio says paid out in a settlement that gave him $15,000. With this he bought a yellow Ford Galaxy and began to cruise the area. He noticed young females out hitchhiking - the popular mode of travel for college students in those days along the West Coast. And when he looked them over, as he described in later interviews, he thought about things he could do to them. Quietly, he prepared his car for what he had in mind, placing plastic bags, knives, a blanket, and handcuffs that he had acquired into the trunk. He had only to await an opportunity. For a period of time, he picked up girls and let them go. By his estimation, he picked up around 150 hitchhikers, any of whom might have been chosen for his plan. Finally, he felt the urgent inner drive of what he called his "little zapples," and he acted.

Frightening Times of Edmund Kemper

On May 7, 1972, as people were still troubled by the conclusion of the Frazier trial less than six months before, Mary Ann Pesce and Anita Luchessa hitchhiked from Fresno State College to meet friends at Stanford University . Damio, Newton , and Frazier laid out the events chronologically. When the girls failed to arrive at their destination, their families contacted the police. But runaways were all too frequent during those days and the girls had left behind no clues as to where they had gone, so there was little the authorities could do.

Then, on August 15, the remains of a female head were recovered from an area in the mountains and identified as that of Pecse. No other remains were found, but it was assumed that both girls had met with foul play and were dead.

On September 14, dance student Aiko Koo disappeared while hitching from Berkley . On October 13, Mullin's series of murders began to catch people's attention, but then, early in 1973, 18-year-old Cindy Schall disappeared while traveling to class at Cabrillo Community College. She was hitchhiking, and had stopped off at a friend's house. Someone saw her get a ride and then she was just gone. Less than two days later, dismembered arms and legs were found on a cliff overlooking the Pacific Ocean. Then an upper torso washed ashore, which was identified via lung X-rays as Schall's. Eventually a lower torso came in. A surfer also found her left hand, which offered fingerprints, but her head and right hand remained missing. The papers began talking about the "Chopper" and the "Butcher."

Then, on January 25, two local families were shot to death in their homes. The Santa Cruz area was in a panic, and soon four young men who were camping were all shot at close range in the head.

Two more girls out hitchhiking disappeared on February 5: Rosalind Thorpe and Alice Liu. There were no leads whatsoever in their disappearances. Then on February 13, a witness called the police after another shooting of a man in his garden. In short order, they arrested Herbert Mullin. He was tied to most of the shootings, but not to the murders of Cindy Schall or Mary Ann Pesce, or the disappearance of the other hitchhikers. Kidnapping and dismemberment were not part of his MO. Yet Damio indicates that upon Mullin's arrest, the media coverage of the local violence inspired an atmosphere of terror.

One reporter, whom Ward identifies as television reporter Marilyn Baker, consistently exaggerated rumors and offered uncorroborated information as fact, angering the police and alarming the citizens. She gave daily reports of satanic rituals and linked together a number of murders over the course of a year. "The butcher murders are unique," Damio quotes her as saying. "The decapitation and dismemberment is done with the skill of what police say borders on perhaps professional knowledge. The bodies were placed in a slant position, the heads lower than the feet, so the blood would drain out, making such dismemberment easier." Baker also mentioned that one of more of the victims appeared to have been held captive for a period of time prior to being killed, and noted that the Achilles tendon was sliced on Cynthia Schall. She suggested that the killer was a lesbian or transvestite and scolded the police for their mistakes during the investigation. She warned that the butcher murders occurred on Mondays after dark and during the full moon - which was patently untrue. Yet for her, it seemed like evidence of cult activity.

On March 4, a couple of hikers came across a human skull and jawbone not far from Highway 1 in San Mateo County . They were not from the same person. The police searched the area and found another skull that went with the jawbone, so they knew they had a pair of victims killed close together. They had reports of several missing female hitchhikers, so they compared what they had to the descriptions, and identified the remains of Rosalind Thorpe and Alice Liu. Liu had been shot twice in the head, Thorpe once. It was not long thereafter that the university decided to institute a bus system that would assist off-campus students to get safely to their classes.

The authorities were stymied. The area had become a hotbed of murder and missing persons, mostly young women. They had few leads and no methods for ending the killing. The university experienced a sudden drop in enrollment. But then the unexpected occurred. The police heard from the last of the killers - the one who was killing the coeds. He had stopped the spree himself.

Edmund Kemper Makes the Call

On April 23, 1973, the Santa Cruz police received a call that they could not quite believe. It was from a phone booth in Pueblo , Colorado , from a twenty-four-year-old man who had eaten with them, drank with them, and talked with them for hours: Big Ed, or Edmund Kemper. And now he was telling them that he had committed murder -- in fact, a double homicide four days earlier, and then some. He had killed his mother, Clarnell Strandberg, on Good Friday. Then he'd gone drinking with his cop buddies. He'd returned and invited his mother's friend, Sara "Sally" Hallett, over for dinner and a movie. She was delighted. When she arrived, he'd killed her, too, and removed her head. Both bodies were stuffed into closets in his mother's duplex on Ord Drive .

Kemper explained that after leaving the house, he had driven for several days, had dropped off one car and rented a green Chevy Impala, and had finally decided to turn himself in. He'd been taking No-Doz for three days and felt half crazy. He listed half a dozen other murders that they had yet to solve, referring over and over to "the coeds." He wanted someone to come and pick him up. He had 200 rounds of ammo and three guns in the car that scared him, and he was turning himself in.

But the officer who took the first call believed it was a prank, says David Everitt in Human Monsters . He suggested the young man call again later. Kemper did so, but once again had a difficult time convincing the person at the other end of the line to take him seriously. Those who knew him believed it was all some practical joke. He continued to place calls until he was able to persuade an officer to go check out his mother's house. He said that an officer, Sergeant Aluffi, had been there not long before to confiscate the .44-caliber revolver he had purchased. Alluffi would know.

Sergeant Aluffi did indeed know, and went to the home himself. As he entered, he smelled the putrid odor of decomposition. When he opened a closet and saw blood and hair, he secured the scene and called in the coroner and detectives. To their amazement, they found the two bodies, just as Kemper had described. Both had been decapitated, and Clarnell had been battered and apparently used for dart practice. Her tongue and larynx, Kemper had said, were chopped up, having been placed in the garbage disposal, which had spit them back out.

Investigators now realized why the "Coed Butcher" had eluded them for so long. As John Douglas put it upon hearing how Kemper had been privy at the jury room and the investigation details, "He was analyzing what he was doing and learning to perfect his technique." He had discovered their strategies and plans for trapping him, and he was able to out-think and elude them. But he also had not come across as a killer. He had learned how to make people feel safe around him, and that was probably how he had found ways to get girls into his cars, despite warnings issued to students throughout the area.

DA Peter Chang and a party of detectives traveled across three states to pick Kemper up from detention, where local police had placed him, and they found him waiting calmly for him. He seemed to know that he was dangerous and unable to control himself, and understood that he needed to be locked up. He was willing to talk and twice waived his right to an attorney (though he would later say that he'd asked for a lawyer).

The story that unfolded was as bizarre as any they had yet heard. He went on for hours, confessing everything that he had done to the six coeds, his mother and her friend. Adding these to the murders of his grandparents years earlier, he had committed ten murders in all. To prove his tale, he took detectives to areas where he had buried or tossed parts of his victims that had not yet been found. He described having sex with the heads of his victims and said that he'd loved the feeling of totally possessing them and their property.

The stories would grow worse during the trial, thanks to psychiatric probing, and both sides set about finding out what they could do about this disturbing young man.

Creating a Killer

Born in Burbank California on December 18, 1948, Edmund E. Kemper III was the second child for E. E. (Edmund Jr.) and Clarnell Kemper. He had a sister six years older and a sister two and a half years younger. Ed was close to his father, but E.E. divorced Clarnell in 1957 when Edmund was nine and she moved with the children to Montana . It was a difficult separation for Edmund, nicknamed Guy, and he claimed that to toughen him up, his mother locked him in the basement. (He would eventually provide several different motives for this behavior, depending on who was interviewing him.) He believed that he must have been a constant prickly reminder to his mother. He hated her but often spoke as if he understood her motives and behavior. In many different interviews, he described his fear and anger growing up, along with the things he envisioned doing.

He said that when he killed the family cat, placing its head on an altar, he had felt empowered after persuasively lying about it. He honed this ability to present a public façade that people trusted while his private world contained much darker ideas. Everitt indicates that by the time he was ten, he was already thinking about females in sexual terms. He was also developing a violent inner world.

"When I was in school," Kemper said in a taped interview, "I was called a chronic daydreamer and I saw a counselor twice during junior high and high school, and that was very routine. They didn't ask me a lot of questions about myself and that was probably the most violent fantasy time I was off into."

Stories from his sisters involved disconcerting memories. One goaded him to kiss a teacher, says Frazier, and he apparently said that if he did, he'd then have to kill her. His younger sister recalled that he often cut the heads off her dolls. His mother apparently relegated him to the basement to keep him away from the girls because she did not trust him. Her instincts were apparently right; Kemper has said, "I lived as an ordinary person most of my life, even though I was living a parallel and increasingly violent other life."

When he was thirteen, Kemper slaughtered his own pet cat with a machete and stuffed the remains in his closet (which his mother found). Cheney offers gruesome details of this episode from Kemper's descriptions. Kemper also ran away from home that year to go live with his father. He was certain it would be a better life for him, but after he arrived, he eventually learned that his father, who had remarried and had another son, was not quite as happy to see him as he'd hoped. E. E. welcomed him for a while, but then sent him back to Montana . But Clarnell, too, was unwilling to have him, because she was planning to marry her third husband, and this overgrown adolescent was a handful. Her solution was to pack Ed up and send him to his father's parents' ranch in California . (On Mugshots , Kemper says that his father actually sent him there, and Frazier indicates that Kemper ran away twice, and the second time he ended up with his grandparents.) "I went to live with Dad," he said, "and he sends me up to Grandma. Now she's going to undo all the terrible things that my mother did to me. I'm going to be a showpiece. She's going to show the world that my mother was a lousy parent. I'm going to be a pawn in this little game."

The experience was unpleasant for him. Ultimately, it was here with Maude and Edmund Kemper Sr. that Edmund began his career in murder. Once he got out of the psychiatric hospital, he set his sights on becoming a police officer. (Lunde points out that there were no psychologists or psychiatrists on the parole board that released him, and no follow-up psychiatric care.) He was disappointed and unable to find appropriate alternative employment. Although he shared an apartment with a friend, he was afraid he might end up living with his mother. In fact, he did, and that proved the undoing of them both.

Edmund Kemper's First Murder

As Clarnell had done with her three ex-husbands, she attacked Edmund on many occasions, aiming at his manhood and sense of worth. Although he wanted to socialize, she refused to introduce him to women on campus. "She's holding up these girls who she said were too good for me to get to know," he recalled. "She would say, 'You're just like your father. You don't deserve to get to know them.'" This kind of talk infuriated him, and he went out to cruise for the girls that he couldn't have. He knew a way to get them on his terms.

Kemper had picked up many hitchhikers. "I'm picking up young women," he said in the interview shown on Mugshots , "and I'm going a little bit farther each time. It's a daring kind of thing. First there wasn't a gun. I'm driving along. We go to a vulnerable place, where there aren't people watching, where I could act out and I say, 'No, I can't.' And then a gun is in the car, hidden. And this craving, this awful raging eating feeling inside, this fantastic passion. It was overwhelming me. It was like drugs. It was like alcohol. A little isn't enough."

The experience changed for him on May 7, 1972. Even before Mullin began his reign of terror in the area, Kemper decided to make his move. "It was stupid for anyone to hitchhike," he said, "but to these people who thought it was fun and exciting and maybe even a little bit daring -- it is if they're dead." He got insights and tidbits from reading police novels. For example, he learned how to keep the car door locked once the girls were inside. He also knew how to give them the impression that they were safe with him.

Clarnell had acquired a university sticker for Kemper's Ford, which made it easy for him to go in and out of the campus without raising suspicion. (It should be noted that coworkers at the university found Clarnell charming and easy to get along with, which differed from Edmund's version. She did give him assistance and allowed him to live with her.) On this day, Kemper picked up two 18-year-old college students out hitchhiking, Mary Anne Pesce and Anita Luchessa. He wanted to rape them, but decided on murder to leave no witnesses.

"It was the first time I went looking for someone to kill. And it's two people, not one. And they're dead. Very naïve, too. Painfully naïve in that they thought they were streetwise." In fact, they were quite grateful for the ride. It wasn't far to Stanford, perhaps an hour, so Kemper said he was willing to take them all the way. They couldn't believe their luck, but their glee soon turned to terror.

Kemper drove off the highway and came to rest on a dirt road. The girls sensed that something was amiss. As if to intensify his own game, he told them that he intended to rape them and that he was going to take them to his apartment, although he had learned from listening to the stories of rapists in Atascadero that it was better to leave no witnesses. Handcuffing Pesce to the back seat, he forced Luchessa into the trunk of the car. He then tried unsuccessfully to smother Pesce and to stab her. The knife blade hit her backbone and would not enter, but she felt the pain and put up a tremendous struggle. She also bit through the bag that he had placed over her head. Finally, he slit her throat and killed her. He then turned his attention to Luchessa and killed her as well, though it was an ordeal he hadn't expected. Now he had two corpses all to himself.

And he was nearly caught, as the police learned during his confession. As he drove toward Alameda , he was stopped for a broken taillight. He maintained a calm, polite attitude and got off with a mere warning. During the entire encounter, Kemper later said, he was excited. Had the officer decided to do a routine check and look into the trunk, Kemper would have killed him on the spot.

In Alameda , his roommate was out, so he knew he could work on the bodies there without being disturbed. Wrapping them in blankets, he placed them in the trunk of his car and drove to his apartment. There he brought the bodies inside and laid them on the floor. His own confessions provide the details. He took them into his own bedroom, where he photographed them. As he removed parts from them, he took more photographs and paused from time to time to savor the erotic moments of possessing them so completely. He said that he also engaged in sexual acts with the severed parts.

Placing Pesce's parts in a bag, he left them in a shallow grave in the mountains, making sure to remember the place for later visits. He used her head for sex before tossing it into a ravine, along with Luchessa's head. He then fell back into his habit of picking up girls and taking them safely to their destinations. He would even talk to his riders about the man who was killing female hitchhikers, all the while evaluating each as a potential victim. "When someone put their hand on my car-door handle, they were giving me their life."

He continued with this activity until September 14, 1972.

Psychiatric Follow-up of Edmund Kemper

That's the day he picked up Aiko Koo, who had given up waiting for her bus and hitched a ride. He'd been feeling the energy that inspired his fantasies of murder. This girl seemed perfect for his next grim venture. He was surprised that she was only fifteen, but determined to carry out his plan. About that encounter, Kemper said: "I pulled the gun out to show her I had it...she was freaking out. Then I put the gun away and that had more effect on her than pulling it out." He got out of the car, locking himself out, which gave her an advantage, but she was too scared to pick up his gun. "She could have reached over and grabbed the gun," he said later, "but I think she never gave it a thought." Instead, she unlocked the door and let him back in.

He pinched her nostrils to force her to black out, says Frazier, and raped her. Then he strangled her until he was sure she was dead and rode around with her body in the trunk of his car. He had a few drinks before taking her home to dismember and dissect her in the same manner he had done with his first two victims. Once he had tasted this power over women, he knew, it was only a matter of time before he'd want it again. But first he had to prepare to convince the psychiatrists who were monitoring his case that he was "cured."

The day after he killed Aiko Koo, Kemper went before a panel of psychiatrists as a follow-up requirement for parole. He'd done well in school, had tried finding a job, and as far as anyone knew, he had stayed out of trouble. He knew what they wanted to hear and he put on his best act. The first doctor talked with him for a while and indicated that he saw no reason to consider Kemper a danger to anyone. The second one actually used the words "normal" and "safe," according to Cheney. Both recommended the sealing of his juvenile records as a way to help him to become a better citizen. Yet even as the two psychiatrists congratulated themselves on being part of a system that had rehabilitated a child killer, Kemper delighted in his secret. Damio writes that not only had killed a girl the day before the analysis, but he had her head in the trunk of his car outside, which Kemper disputes.

Once again, he was in the game. He had succeeded at convincing the learned professionals that he was something other than he really was, and they had wrongly inferred that he was "no longer a danger." The judge did not agree, but had no grounds to deny the request to seal the records. Thus, eight years after he had killed his grandparents, Kemper gained his freedom. As he drove away with a clean bill of mental health, he felt pleased. Now he was free to continue with his experiments. He found a place to bury Koo's head and hands above Boulder Creek, and there they remained undiscovered until the following May.

And he was not finished. While he laid low for a while, he kept fantasizing about taking the lives of those young women. He kept trophies and photographs of his grisly work to help renew the experience, and as he clashed with his mother time and again, the urge to kill built up within him.

More of Edmund Kemper's Victims

Later, Kemper tried to explain his motive for these crimes: "My frustration. My inability to communicate socially, sexually. I wasn't impotent. I was scared to death of failing in male-female relationships."

He purchased a .22-caliber pistol and then looked for a pretty hitchhiker. The one he found was named Cindy Schall, who accepted a ride with him on January 7, 1973. Again, he drove to a secluded area and shot her quickly. He wasn't interested in torture. He just wanted a body to handle. He was now living with his mother again, and he took the corpse home to dismember her in the bathtub. He kept her overnight in his room and then beheaded her, burying the head in the backyard. He threw the body parts over a cliff, but they quickly washed up onto the beach. Still, he knew they could not tie it to him. He'd removed the bullet from the head. And he was right. No one suspected him.

On February 5, after a horrendous argument with his mother, Kemper went out again. That's when Rosalind Thorpe and Allison Liu disappeared from campus. He picked up Rosalind first, and her presence in the car apparently reassured Allison, who willingly got in. "Miss Liu was sitting in back right behind Miss Thorpe," Kemper recalled. "I went on down a ways and slowed down. I remarked on the beautiful view. I hesitated for several seconds. I had been moving my pistol from down below my leg in my lap. I picked it up and pulled the trigger. As I fired, she fell against the window. Miss Liu panicked. I had to fire through her hands. She was moving around and I missed twice."

He hit her in the temple, and he aimed again and fired. But she was still alive as he approached the university gate. (This part of the story varies according to different accounts.) One account indicates that she was already dead, but another describes her breathing loudly and moaning. Two young men were at the security gate, but when they saw Kemper's university sticker, they waved him through. The two women were wrapped in blankets, and one of them was in the front passenger seat. He told some interviewers later that he explained to the guard that these girls were drunk and he was trying to get them back to their dorms. The guard apparently accepted the story, and Kemper decided that he was as good as invisible: "It was getting easier to do. I was getting better at it."

He took the girls' bodies to his mother's home and dismembered and beheaded them with his mother nearby and neighbors around. (Another account says that he beheaded them outside in the car and then took one headless corpse inside to have sex.) He was aware that a neighbor only had to walk by and look in the window and see what he was doing in order to catch him. But no one did. The next morning, he deposited the limbs in the ocean and around the hills, tossing the heads away separately. His fourth episode of killing had been successfully completed. It would not be long before he vented his rage closer to home.

Revenge

After killing six young women, the six-foot-nine giant turned his anger against his ultimate target: his mother. While most experts later claim that his killing was really about symbolic rehearsal for killing his mother, and once he'd dispatched her, he no longer needed to kill, Kemper's explanation is quite different. He indicated in an interview that he had sensed the cops closing in after Sergeant Aluffi had paid him a call about his gun and he wanted to spare his mother the embarrassment of learning that he was the "Coed Butcher." However, his treatment of her corpse tells another story.

Kemper also said that he feared that his mother had found the items he had taken from the women he'd killed. He wondered if he should flee or kill her. "I can't get away from her...She knows all my buttons and I dance like a puppet." He knew that he would now kill her, but he waited for the opportune moment. She went out with friends one evening and came home tipsy from alcohol (although some accounts say nothing about her inebriated state).

Kemper went into her room, and according to him, she said, "I suppose you want to talk now." He told her no. In his 1978 interview, he said he then started to cry and put his hand to his mouth. It was the first time he had broken his composure. He'd spoken about the other murders with no show of guilt, compassion or remorse, but his mother's death was another matter.

He waited for her to go to bed, he said, and then went into her room with a claw hammer. "It was so hard." He admitted that to remember it hurt him. "I cut off her head, and I humiliated her, of course. She was dead, because of the way she raised her son." But later he said he'd wished she'd stayed up and talked to him. He put her head on the mantel and said what he wanted to say. He also threw darts. For the first time, she did not argue with him. That felt satisfying, but he also knew it was over for him. He would undoubtedly be linked to this crime. He penned a brief note, quoted in Cheney's book: "Appx. 5:15 A.M. Saturday. No need for her to suffer anymore at the hands of this horrible 'murderous butcher.' It was quick, sleep, the way I wanted it."

Some sources indicate that Kemper believed having two victims would deflect attention from him, so he then invited Sally Hallett over. He punched and strangled her, then laid her naked on his bed. He spent the night with the two corpses in the house, with blood everywhere, and one account indicates that he tried to have sex with Hallett's corpse. He also beheaded her. On Easter morning, he fled in Sally's car. As he drove, he turned on the radio, hoping to hear on the news that someone had discovered the bodies. Yet there were no news flashes. That disappointed him. By the time he reached Pueblo , after driving some 1,500 miles, he decided to instigate the discovery himself. Stopping at a phone booth, he called the police.

Kemper made it easy for the cops. He showed them where he had buried the head of Cynthia Schall in his mother's backyard, saying he had placed it there so he could take satisfaction in knowing, according to one detective, she was on his property looking toward the sky. As they drove, he described each murder in minute detail and showed them where he had deposited each victim's remains.

Edmund Kemper On Trial

Edmund Kemper was indicted on eight counts of first-degree murder on May 7, 1973. The Chief Public Defender of Santa Cruz County, attorney Jim Jackson, had defended Frazier and was assigned to the Mullin case as well. He now also took on Kemper's defense, which he offered as an insanity plea. He had his hands full, especially because Kemper's detailed confessions sans attorney had robbed him of any strategy except an insanity defense. But it would not be easy, since Kemper was so articulate and clear in the way he had planned and prepared for his fatal encounters. Nevertheless, he had once been diagnosed as psychotic, and despite the psychiatric records that pronounced him safe, he clearly had not been cured. For Jackson , there was hope that this defense could work.

While awaiting trial, Kemper tried twice to commit suicide by slashing his wrists. He failed both times. The trial began on October 23, 1973, and three prosecution

psychiatrists found him to be sane. Dr. Joel Fort had looked at Kemper's juvenile records to examine the diagnosis that he was then psychotic. He interviewed Kemper at length, including under truth serum, and told the court that Kemper had probably engaged in acts of cannibalism. He apparently cooked and ate parts of the girls' flesh after dismembering them. Nevertheless, Fort decided that he had known what he was doing in each incident, was thrilled by the notoriety of being a mass murderer, and had been entirely aware that it was wrong. That was good enough to find him sane. California relied on the M'Naghten standard for sanity that was used throughout most of the country. According to the wording, this standard held that a defendant might be found insane if, by reason of a disease or defect, he did not know that what he was doing was wrong. Kemper clearly did know that his acts of murder were wrong. He had also shown clear evidence of premeditation and planning.

One defense psychiatrist was willing to testify to insanity based on the "product standard," which allows someone to say that the crime is the product of a diseased mind - a subtle difference -- but that was not within the state's definition. Kemper's younger sister described the strange acts she had seen her brother do, trying hard to show that he was abnormal, while Jackson fought valiantly through cross-examination to get the prosecution's experts to admit that many of the things Kemper had done with the victims were clearly aberrant. They did, but generally stuck with their original evaluation. They also questioned the Atascadero staff's diagnosis of Kemper when he was fifteen. Having a lively fantasy world was not necessarily psychotic.

Kemper on the Stand

Kemper himself took the stand on November 1. What the jury thought of this man who had so easily killed is not on record. They had heard large portions of his detailed confession and already knew what he had to say for himself. He discussed what he knew about his mental state and tried to convince the jury that his need to possess a woman and his acts of necrophilia were clear indications of an unstable state of mind. He had already told his interrogators that he'd felt remorse and that he'd taken to drinking more and more to relieve the pressure. But he had also described the sexual thrill he achieved from removing someone's head and had said that killing was a narcotic to him. He also described the feeling he had that two beings inhabited his body, and when his killer personality took over, it was "kind of like blacking out." He indicated that the same thing had happened when he had shot his grandmother.

The trial lasted less than three weeks. How many of his outrageous admissions were actually true is anyone's guess. While Kemper had admitted to cannibalism during Dr. Fort's analysis, he recanted that later, claiming it was meant for an insanity defense.

On November 8, the six-man, six-woman jury deliberated for five hours, says Frazier, before finding Kemper sane and guilty of eight counts of first-degree murder. Although Kemper hoped to receive the death penalty, he was convicted during a time when the Supreme Court had placed a moratorium on capital punishment and all death sentences were commuted to life imprisonment. The death penalty became applicable only to crimes committed after January 1, 1974.

Everitt says that the judge asked him what he thought his punishment should be. It wasn't difficult for him to come up with something, as he'd been thinking about this moment since childhood. He told the judge that he believed he ought to be tortured to death.

No such luck. Instead, he was sentenced to life imprisonment. Sent first to the California Medical Facility State Prison at Vacaville, north of San Francisco, for observation, writes Cheney, he ended up at the maximum security prison at Folsom.

At one point, he requested psychosurgery, which involved inserting a probe into his brain to kill brain tissue and potentially cure him of his compulsive sexual aggression. His request was denied, possibly because authorities feared that he might then petition for release. He became a model inmate, helping to read books on tape for the blind, but when he went before the parole board, he told them he was not fit to go back into society. In prison, he is reported to be cooperative and kind, and would like to forget his past. While he readily participated in requests for interviews and self-examination -- hoping he would help others to learn about offenders like him -- he often disliked what some of his interviewers later said about him. (Cheney said that when she asked for access to his juvenile records, he refused to cooperate.) Yet it's interesting to see how other professionals regarded him.

Edmund Kemper Prison Interviews

FBI Special Agents John Douglas and Robert R. Ressler became part of the Behavioral Science Unit at Quantico during its early years in the 1970s, and while they were on the road talking with local jurisdictions, they came up with the idea to visit prisons and interview notorious killers. They hoped to include this information in the data they were gathering about crimes being committed by those unknown suspects on whom they were offering profiles. A database about the traits and behaviors of known killers could offer a substantial backbone for their teachings. Douglas and Ressler both write about these visits in their books, and they were generally the team who did the prison interviews. "If you want to understand the artist," Douglas writes in Mindhunter , "look at his work."

They contacted different types of offenders, including mass murderers, assassins, and serial killers, and collected data on 118 victims, including some who had survived an attempted murder. The goal was to gather information about how the murders were planned and committed, what the killers did and thought about afterward, what kinds of fantasies they had, and what they did before the next incident. Edmund Kemper was among the 36 men who agreed to be interviewed, and Ressler had a hair-raising story about it. (Kemper has told private correspondents, who related it to this author, that he sneers at these tales and that a psychiatrist who visited him tells the same story in some attempt to make it seem as if these interviews were truly dangerous. On the other hand, he may well have done this with several people simply because he enjoyed playing this trick. Chenry relates a similar story about a female correspondent who may have reminded Kemper of Sara Hallett.)

Ressler, who includes a photo of himself posing with Kemper, says that at the end of his third interview at Vacaville Prison, Kemper made his move. In two previous visits, Ressler says that he was accompanied by someone else, but this time, he thought that he had achieved a rapport with Kemper, so he ventured in alone. They ended up in a small, locked cell near death row for four hours. Ressler finally used a button to summon a guard, but no one came. He continued to talk and press the button, and still no one came. He says that Kemper was sensitive to his psyche and he believed he must have appeared apprehensive, for he claimed that Kemper told him to relax and then said, "If I went apeshit in here, you'd be in a lot of trouble, wouldn't you? I could screw your head off and place it on the table to greet the guard."

Ressler mentally sparred with him, trying to buy time and hoping to give the impression that he had a way to defend himself. Eventually the guard came, and Kemper said that he had merely been kidding, but Ressler never again went alone to an interview with him.

Douglas , too, describes an encounter in Mindhunter , indicating that he and Ressler did several prison interviews over the years with Kemper, and he offers quite a bit of detailed information about Kemper, having found him to be among the brightest prison inmates he'd ever interviewed.

Assessment of Edmund Kemper

Douglas offers a detailed impression of Kemper. Indeed, he was surprised that Kemper had even agreed to talk with them. Douglas thought he was merely curious about them and their agenda. His first impression was that the killer was enormous. "He could easily have broken any of us in two." But it was also clear that Kemper was well above average in intelligence, with a high degree of self-awareness. He apparently also liked to talk; Douglas indicates that Kemper talked with them for several hours. Because they had researched his file in detail and knew about his crimes, he soon realized that they were aware when he was attempting to deceive them. Ultimately, he relaxed and talked openly.

Kemper seemed distant and analytical to Douglas , and wasn't emotionally moved except when he referred to his mother's treatment of him. He believed that because he looked like his father, she hated him and used him as a target for her frustrations. He claimed that his mother made him sleep in a windowless basement because she was afraid he would molest his sister. In this dark place, he said, he allowed his hatred of women to fester and grow. His mother made him feel dangerous and shameful, so he had killed the two family cats. As he grew up, his feelings only intensified, although he continued to live with his mother - the person he most hated. Because he had learned about psychological assessment in such detail, he knew how to describe himself in the proper psychiatric jargon. "He knew all the buzzwords," writes Douglas .

What interested Douglas and Ressler most was the way in which Kemper saw what he was doing to people as a game. He figured out the best ways to put girls at ease and to make them believe they were safe. "This type of information," Douglas writes, "would start suggesting something important: the normal common-sense assumptions, verbal cues, body language, and so on that we use to size up another people...often don't apply to sociopaths." Listening to Kemper, Douglas summed up his approach and his ultimate goals: "manipulation, domination, control."

Douglas also pointed out the central role of violent fantasies for the sexual predator. Kemper had developed fantasies early in his life, which had given him a chance to rehearse for years the relationship between sex and death. To possess another person meant to take his or her life. Kemper's confession confirmed this, as he stated that he wanted his victims to belong to him completely. It was his way of getting back at kids who had shunned him throughout his childhood. Ultimately, however, his "overriding fantasy" was to be rid of his mother. He told Douglas that before he started killing anyone, he would go quietly into his mother's bedroom while she was asleep and envision hitting her with a hammer. Given what Kemper has said about her, Douglas felt that Clarnell had helped to make him into a serial killer who was in fact practicing on others before aiming his frustration at his true target.

Even so, Douglas admitted that he had liked Ed. "He was friendly, open, sensitive, and had a good sense of humor." He believed that Kemper's enjoyment of dismemberment was fetishistic rather than sadistic, but Dr. Donald Lunde offered a different view in Murder and Madness .

Psychiatric View of Edmund Kemper

Lunde was in the thick of the fear and hysteria in Santa Cruz as he assessed John Linley Frasier and Herb Mullin. He was also called in to the Kemper case and was allowed access by Kemper's defense attorney to the trial transcripts. To Lunde, Kemper, unlike Mullin or Frasier, seemed like a man who had complete awareness of what he was doing and had fully relished its perversion. He believed that Kemper's sexual aggression stemmed from childhood anger and violent fantasies. Lunde found Kemper's ambivalent relationship with his mother to be common among sexual sadists, and they generally bring the killing of their mother into their fantasy world. The act of killing becomes a powerful aspect of sexual arousal.

Kemper's anger began early, Lunde writes, when he was separated from his father. He laid the full blame for that on his mother, although she had expressed concern about the lack of a father figure in his life. Lunde also recorded incidents remembered by Kemper's younger sister. "He would stage his own execution in the form of a childhood game, in which he had her lead him to a chair, blindfold him, and pull an imaginary lever, after which he would writhe about as if dying in a gas chamber."

Kemper had told Lunde about his strong interest in weapons and his desire to kill women. Instead, he killed cats. "He also imagined such things as killing everyone in town and having sexual relations with corpses." While he apparently longed for a relationship with a female, he felt so inadequate that he decided he could only engage in one form of activity with them: killing them. He would also have sex with the corpses.

Lunde lamented the fact that the years Kemper had spent in a psychiatric institution as a boy had failed to prevent him from becoming such a violent and dangerous person. "There may be a point in the sexual sadist's development," he says, "beyond which sexual and violent aggressive impulses are inextricably interwoven." Effective treatment would have had to have taken place much earlier during his childhood. Yet it's difficult to identify such children, because they generally engage in their fantasies secretly and deny they are guilty of the petty offenses they commit.

Kemper is among those serial killers who have freely offered an extravagant amount of detail about his crimes and his fantasies. Despite how disturbing his revelations are, we can be grateful that we know more about the development of a sexual predator from his accounts.

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"Right on," he said, with a final salute of his hand and a smile.